Table 1.

Description and sample size for each data collection tool, together with information on where and during which research phase(s) each tool was used.

Data Collection ToolSampleLocation(s)Study Phases
Key informant interviews with experts, male Fulani pastoralists, and traditional authoritiesn = 26 (members of government, NGOs, community-based organizations, research institutes, academia, a private company, a male elder from a Tindana lineage, elders, and Chief of Winkogo)Government, NGO, and research institute offices; Cafés in Tamale and Bolgatanga; communities in Talensi districtPhases 1, 2, and 3
Focus group discussions (based on natural resource mapping, historical timelines, and PGIS mapping protocols)n = 12 (three each of female-only; male-only; and younger peopleonly, which included a mix of young men and women)Duusi, Namoligo, and WinkogoPhases 1 and 3
On-farm transect walks (household system diagrams)n = 3DuusiPhases 1
Community transect walksn = 3 (one in each study site)Duusi, Namoligo, and WinkogoPhase 1 and 2
Semi-structured interviewsn = 78 (42 men, 36 women, of which 13 were between 18–35 years of age)Duusi, Namoligo, and WinkogoPhase 2
Semi-structured interviews (second round interviews with community participants using proportional piling protocol)n = 21 (12 men and nine women, of which four were between 18–35 years of age)Duusi, Namoligo, and WinkogoPhase 3
Semi-structured interviews (third round interviews with community participants using on-farm transect protocol)(n = 9, seven men and two women, of which three were between 18–35 years of age)Duusi, Namoligo, and WinkogoPhase 3
Informal conversationsCommunity members and key informantsDuusi, Namoligo, and Winkogo; district and regional government officesPhases 1, 2, and 3
Participant observationField-based observations during on-farm interviews and focus group discussions, recorded daily in field notes; overt observation of FMNR Group pruning session at a community FMNR siteDuusi, Namoligo, and WinkogoPhases 1, 2, and 3