Elements of a resilient forest with examples of restoration options using a step-wise approach.
Element | Description | Examples of restoration options |
---|---|---|
Composition | Species, ecosystems and genetic variation within species | Supplementary planting of native tree species or local varieties; attempts to attract animals (bird nesting sites, microhabitats); potential species translocation. |
Pattern | Spatial variation of forest with respect to age, size etc | Selective planting (or removal) to increase age variation in restored forests; management to boost natural regeneration; retention of old trees. |
Function | Continuity, proportion of old and dead timber, presence of ecological interactions | Retention (or creation) of dead timber in restored forests; reintroduction of symbiotic fungi. |
Process | Disturbance patterns, renewal processes | Management to simulate disturbances, such as prescribed burning and recreation of natural flooding. |
Continuity | Age, total area, fragmentation | Use of biological corridors and stepping stones to increase the functional size of restored forest |
Resilience | Tree health, presence of stress factors | Resilience increased by addressing the five elements above; management may also be needed to control invasive species and diseases. |