Table 2.

Conceptual framework illustrating the potential for Biggs et al.'s (2012) principles for building resilience in SES to inform the phases of the ecological restoration process and outcomes on the landscape.

General Phases of Ecological Restoration ProcessRestoration Outcomes
Problem identificationDefining goals and objectivesDesigning a restoration planImplementationMonitoring and evaluationEcological outcomesSocial outcomes
Principles for Building Resilience in SESKey SES properties to be managedMaintain diversity and redundancy
Manage connectivity
Manage slow variables and feedbacks
Key attributes of the governance systemFoster CAS thinking
Encourage learning and experimentation
Broaden participation
Promote polycentric governance systems