Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Index/Abstracts
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • Call for Papers
  • Other Publications
    • UW Press Journals
    • Land Economics
    • Landscape Journal
    • Native Plants Journal

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Ecological Restoration
  • Other Publications
    • UW Press Journals
    • Land Economics
    • Landscape Journal
    • Native Plants Journal
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Ecological Restoration

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Index/Abstracts
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • Call for Papers
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Visit uwp on Facebook
Research ArticleResearch Article
Open Access

Species Interactions Critical to Restoration Success in an Urban Living Shoreline

Shannon Cooper, Mary Alldred, Beryl Kahn, Thomas Whaley, Amanda Flores, Anais Cardenas, Jason Smith, J. Stephen Gosnell and Chester B. Zarnoch
Ecological Restoration, December 2025, 43 (4) 247-259; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/er.43.4.247
Shannon Cooper
SUNY Plattsburgh, Center for Earth and Environmental Science, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Mary Alldred
SUNY Plattsburgh, Center for Earth and Environmental Science, 101 Broad St. 132 Hudson Hall, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: mary.alldred{at}plattsburgh.edu
Beryl Kahn
Baruch College and Graduate Center CUNY, Department of Natural Sciences, New York, NY, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Thomas Whaley
USDA Animal and Plant Health and Inspection Service, Linden, NJ, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Amanda Flores
Baruch College CUNY, Department of Natural Sciences, New York, NY, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Anais Cardenas
Baruch College CUNY, Department of Natural Sciences, New York, NY, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jason Smith
New York Restoration Project, Northern Manhattan Parks, New York, NY, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
J. Stephen Gosnell
Baruch College and Graduate Center CUNY, Department of Natural Sciences, New York, NY, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Chester B. Zarnoch
Baruch College and Graduate Center CUNY, Department of Natural Sciences, New York, NY, USA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    1. Alldred M.
    , Baines S.B., Findlay S. 2016. Effects of invasive-plant management on nitrogen-removal services in freshwater tidal marshes. PLoS ONE 11:e0149813.
  2. ↵
    1. Alldred M.
    , Borrelli J.J., Hoellein T., Bruesewitz D., Zarnoch C. 2020. Marsh plants enhance coastal marsh resilience by changing sediment oxygen and sulfide concentrations in an urban, eutrophic estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 43:801–813.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Alldred M.
    , Kahn B., Whaley T., Evangelista I., Smith J., Gosnell J.S., Zarnoch C. 2024a. August 7. Mussel addition/goose exclusion experiment at Sherman Creek Living Shoreline. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26504509.v1
  4. ↵
    1. Alldred M.
    , Cooper S., Kahn B., Flores A., Grant H., Cardenas A., et al. 2024b. August 7. Surveys of living shoreline at Sherman Creek, 2019–2023. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26489914.v1
  5. ↵
    1. Altieri A.H.
    , Silliman B.R., Bertness M.D. 2007. Hierarchical organization via a facilitation cascade in intertidal cordgrass bed communities. The American Naturalist 169:195–206.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    1. An S.
    , Gardner W.S., Kana T. 2001. Simultaneous measurement of denitrification and nitrogen fixation using isotope pairing with membrane inlet mass spectrometry analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:1171–1178.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  7. ↵
    1. Baker R.
    , Gittman R.K. 2025. Co-funding robust monitoring with living shoreline construction is critical for maximizing beneficial outcomes. Estuaries and Coasts 48, Article 5.
  8. ↵
    1. Baldwin A.H.
    , Pendleton F.N. 2003. Interactive effects of animal disturbance and elevation on vegetation of a tidal freshwater marsh. Estuaries 26:905–915.
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Bergen A.
    , Alderson C., Bergfors R., Aquila C., Matsil M.A. 2000. Restoration of a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh following a fuel oil spill, New York City, NY. Wetlands Ecology and Management 8:185–195.
    OpenUrl
  10. ↵
    1. Bertness M.D.
    1984. Ribbed mussels and Spartina alterniflora production in a New England salt marsh. Ecology 65:1794–1807.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    1. Bilkovic D.M.
    , Mitchell M.M., Isdell R.E., Schliep M., Smyth A.R. 2017. Mutualism between ribbed mussels and cordgrass enhances salt marsh nitrogen removal. Ecosphere 8:e01795.
  12. ↵
    1. Bruesewitz D.A.
    , Gardner W.S., Mooney R.F., Pollard L., Buskey E.J. 2013. Estuarine ecosystem function response to flood and drought in a shallow, semiarid estuary: Nitrogen cycling and ecosystem metabolism. Limnology and Oceanography 58:2293–2309.
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Buchsbaum R.
    , Valiela I., Teal J.M. 1981. Grazing by Canada geese and related aspects of the chemistry of salt marsh grasses. Colonial Waterbirds 4:126–131.
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    1. Callaway J.C.
    2005. The challenge of restoring functioning salt marsh ecosystem. Journal of Coastal Research SI:24–36.
    OpenUrl
  15. ↵
    1. Carroll J.M.
    , Annis W.K., Cohen R.A. 2024. The utility of ribbed mussels Guekensia demissa for marsh grass restoration on living shoreline projects in the southeast US: Potential and pitfalls. Estuaries and Coasts 47:1333–1344.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Cartaxana P.
    , Lloyd D. 1999. N2, N2O and O2 profiles in a Tagus Estuary salt marsh. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48:751–756.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    1. Curtis P.D.
    , Braband L.A. 2022. Management of nuisance geese on school properties and public spaces. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 13(1):28.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Davis J.L.
    , Currin C.A., O’Brien C., Raffenburg C., Davis A. 2015. Living shorelines: Coastal resilience with a blue carbon benefit. PLoS ONE 10:e0142595.
  19. ↵
    1. Fischman H.S.
    , Smyth A.R., Angelini C. 2024. Invasive consumers provoke ecosystem-wide disruption of salt marsh functions by dismantling a keystone mutualism. Biological Invasions 26:169–185.
    OpenUrl
  20. ↵
    1. Granville K.E.
    , Ooi S.K., Koenig L.E., Lawrence B.A., Elphick C.S., Helton A.M. 2021. Seasonal patterns of denitrification and N2O production in a southern New England salt marsh. Wetlands 41, Article 7.
  21. ↵
    1. Hinshaw S.E.
    , Tatariw C., Flournoy N., Kleinhuizen A., Taylor C., Sobeck P.A., Mortazavi B. 2017. Vegetation loss decreases salt marsh denitrification capacity: Implications for marsh erosion. Environmental Science and Technology 51:8245–8253.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  22. ↵
    1. Hoellein T.J.
    , Zarnoch C.B., Grizzle R.E. 2015. Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) filtration, biodeposition, and sediment nitrogen cycling at two oyster reefs with contrasting water quality in Great Bay Estuary (New Hampshire, USA). Biogeochemistry 122:113–129.
    OpenUrl
  23. ↵
    1. Jobe J.
    , Kra@ C., Milton M., Gedan K. 2022. Herbivory by geese inhibits tidal freshwater wetland restoration success. Diversity 14(4):278.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Kana T.
    , Darkangelo C., Hunt M., Oldham J., Bennett G., Cornwell J. 1994. Membrane inlet mass spectrometer for rapid high-precision determination of N2, O2, and Ar in environmental water samples. Analytical Chemistry 66:4166–4170.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
  25. ↵
    1. Kleinhuizen A.A.
    , Mortazavi B. 2018. Denitrification capacity of a natural and a restored marsh in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Management 62:584–594.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Lenth R.V.
    2024. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/emmeans/emmeans.pdf
  26. ↵
    1. Lunstrum A.
    , Aoki L.R. 2016. Oxygen interference with membrane inlet mass spectrometry may overestimate denitrification rates calculated with the isotope pairing technique. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 14:425–431.
    OpenUrl
  27. ↵
    1. Maricle B.R.
    , Lee R.W. 2002. Aerenchyma development and oxygen transport in the estuarine cordgrasses Spartina alterni-flora and S. anglica. Aquatic Botany 74:109–120.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    1. McClain M.E.
    , Boyer E.W., Dent C.L., Gergel S.E., Grimm N.B., Groffman P.M., et al. 2003. Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystems 6:301–312.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  29. ↵
    1. Mitsch W.J.
    , Wilson R.F. 1996. Improving the success of wetland creation and restoration with know-how, time, and self-design. Ecological Applications 6:77–83.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    1. Mowry S.
    , Pendleton J., Keesing F., Teator M., Ostfeld R.S. 2023. Estimates of wildlife species richness, occupancy, and habitat preference in a residential landscape in New York State. Urban Ecosystems 26:689–700.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Nielsen L.P.
    1992. Denitrification in sediment determined from nitrogen isotope pairing. FEMS Microbiology Letters 86:357–362.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. NYC Parks
    2018. Salt Marsh Restoration Design Guidelines: Executive Summary. New York, NY: City of New York Parks and Recreation, Forestry, Horticulture, and Natural Resources.
    1. O’Donnell J.E.D.
    2017. Living shorelines: A review of literature relevant to New England coasts. Journal of Coastal Research 33:435–451.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Onorevole K.M.
    , Thompson S.P., Piehler M.F. 2018. Living shorelines enhance nitrogen removal capacity over time. Ecological Engineering 120:238–248.
    OpenUrl
    1. R Core Team
    2024. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  33. ↵
    1. Rezek R.J.
    , Lebreton B., Sterba-Boatwright B., Beseres Pollack J. 2017. Ecological structure and function in a restored versus natural salt marsh. PLoS ONE 12:e0189871.
  34. ↵
    1. Schoell M.
    , Ayvazian S., Cobb D., Grunden D., Chintala M., Gerber-Williams A., et al. 2023. Exploring the use of living shorelines for stabilization and nutrient mitigation in New England. Ecological Restoration 41:84–98.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  35. ↵
    1. Smith C.S.
    , Puckett B., Gittman R.K., Peterson C.H. 2018. Living shorelines enhanced the resilience of saltmarshes to Hurricane Matthew (2016). Ecological Applications 28:871–877.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Smith J.
    2023. Sherman Creek Living Shoreline Monitoring Report. NYSDEC Permit No # 2-6201-00405/00014: New York Restoration Project.
    1. Sokal R.
    , Rohlf F. 2013. Assumptions of analysis of variance. Pages 409–471 in Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. 4th ed. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.
  36. ↵
    1. Sousa A.I.
    , Lillebø A.I., Risgaard-Petersen N., Pardal M.A., Caçador I. 2012. Denitrification: An ecosystem service provided by salt marshes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 448:79–92.
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. Stark J.R.
    , Aiello-Lammens M., Grigione M.M. 2020. The effects of urbanization on carnivores in the New York metropolitan area. Urban Ecosystems 23:215–225.
    OpenUrl
  38. ↵
    1. Wang Q.
    , Li Y., Wang Y. 2011. Optimizing the weight loss-on-ignition methodology to quantify organic and carbonate carbon of sediments from diverse sources. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 174:241–257.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  39. ↵
    1. Whaley T.
    , Alldred M. 2023. A meta-analysis reveals knowledge gaps in our understanding of the Spartina-Geukensia mutualism. Estuaries and Coasts 46:1021–1034.
    OpenUrl
  40. ↵
    1. Wigand C.
    , Roman C.T., Davey E., Stolt M., Johnson R., Hanson A., et al. 2014. Below the disappearing marshes of an urban estuary: Historic nitrogen trends and soil structure. Ecological Applications 24:633–649.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  41. ↵
    1. Zhu J.
    , Zarnoch C., Gosnell J.S., Alldred M., Hoellein T. 2019. Ribbed mussels Geukensia demissa enhance nitrogen-removal services but not plant growth in restored eutrophic salt marshes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 631:67–80.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Ecological Restoration: 43 (4)
Ecological Restoration
Vol. 43, Issue 4
1 Dec 2025
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Ecological Restoration.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Species Interactions Critical to Restoration Success in an Urban Living Shoreline
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Ecological Restoration
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Ecological Restoration web site.
Citation Tools
Species Interactions Critical to Restoration Success in an Urban Living Shoreline
Shannon Cooper, Mary Alldred, Beryl Kahn, Thomas Whaley, Amanda Flores, Anais Cardenas, Jason Smith, J. Stephen Gosnell, Chester B. Zarnoch
Ecological Restoration Dec 2025, 43 (4) 247-259; DOI: 10.3368/er.43.4.247

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Species Interactions Critical to Restoration Success in an Urban Living Shoreline
Shannon Cooper, Mary Alldred, Beryl Kahn, Thomas Whaley, Amanda Flores, Anais Cardenas, Jason Smith, J. Stephen Gosnell, Chester B. Zarnoch
Ecological Restoration Dec 2025, 43 (4) 247-259; DOI: 10.3368/er.43.4.247
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Integrating Science and Management to Improve Seed-Based Restoration
  • Lessons Learned and Value of Early Post-Construction Monitoring of a Large Tidal Wetland Restoration Project
Show more Research Article

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • coastal restoration
  • denitrification
  • Geukensia demissa
  • salt marsh
  • Spartina alterniflora
UW Press logo

© 2026 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire