Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Timeline of adaptive management and research activities at the Sherman Creek Living Shoreline Project from 2019–2024.
- Figure 2
Habitat types sampled for ecosystem services in 2019, 2020, and 2023. (A) mudflats, (B) rip-rap, (C) existing marsh, and (D) restored marsh. The restored marsh photo includes exclusion fencing installed prior to the 2023 sampling and oyster castles.
- Figure 3.
Fluxes of dissolved (A) N2 gas and (B) O2 gas across the sediment-water interface among habitat types and survey years. Error bars represent standard error of the mean; lighter circles represent experimental replicates; ni = 4 in 2019 and 2023, ni = 3 in 2020. M = mudflat, RR = rip-rap, EM = existing marsh, NM = new marsh. Letters indicate significant post-hoc differences among treatment groups within each panel at ɑ = 0.10.
- Figure 4.
Dissolved nutrient fluxes across the sediment-water interface among habitat types and survey years. Error bars represent standard error of the mean; lighter circles represent experimental replicates; ni = 4 in 2019 and 2023, ni = 3 in 2020. M = mudflat, RR = rip-rap, EM = existing marsh, NM = new marsh. Letters indicate significant posthoc differences among treatment groups within each panel at ɑ = 0.10.
- Figure 5.
Variation in (A) stem density and (B) plant height in the existing marsh (EM) and newly restored marsh (NM) in the Sherman Creek Living Shoreline throughout the study period. Error bars represent standard error of the mean; lighter circles represent experimental replicates; ni = 3, 4, 5, 4, respectively. Letters indicate significant post-hoc differences among treatment groups within each panel at ɑ = 0.10.
- Figure 6.
Net flux of (A) dissolved N2 gas, (B) dissolved O2 gas, and (C) dissolved inorganic nutrients across the sediment water interface under control and added 15N-NO3-conditions. Error bars represent standard error of the mean; lighter circles represent experimental replicates; ni = 5 for control incubations and ni = 10 for added nitrate incubations. S = sediment only, S + P = sediment with plant, S + P + M = sediment with plant and mussels. Letters indicate significant post-hoc differences among treatment groups within each panel at ɑ = 0.10.
Tables
- Table 1.
Characteristics of site water collected from the Harlem River at Sherman Creek Park in all sampling years.
2019 2020 2021 2023 Salinity (ppt) 18 17 10 8 Temperature (°C) 22 20 23 27 NOx -Concentration (mg/L) 0.92 0.62 0.38 0.51 - Table 2.
Mean sediment organic carbon content (%) in all habitat types at Sherman Creek Living Shoreline. Values in parentheses represent the standard error of the mean. ni = 4, 3, 5, 4 for sampling years.
Habitat Type 2019 2020 2021 2023 Mudflat 3.64 (1.13) 6.19 (0.24) 0.92 (0.44) 4.71 (0.35) Rip-rap 5.83 (2.57) 5.97 (1.28) — 4.04 (0.34) Existing Marsh 12.89 (4.43) 10.57 (0.48) — 9.42 (1.29) New Marsh — 3.04 (2.06) 6.32 (3.32) 3.76 (0.68) Mussel Addition — — 4.68 (0.43) — - Table 3.
Mean characteristics of Spartina alterniflora in the existing marsh and newly restored marsh at Sherman Creek Living Shoreline in 2023. Values in parentheses represent the standard error of the mean. ni = 4.
Characteristic Existing Marsh New Marsh Aboveground biomass (kg m−2) 3.42 (0.74) 2.24 (0.56) Belowground biomass (kg m−2)* 5.89 (0.95) 3.03 (1.02) Stem density (stems m−2) 377.83 (125.94) 314.86 (62.97) Stem height (m) 1.69 (0.05) 1.47 (0.21) Stem diameter (mm) 7.91 (0.97) 7.57 (0.57) Leaf C (%) 41.68 (0.55) 41.21 (0.54) Leaf N (%) 1.45 (0.29) 0.92 (0.1) Leaf C:N 35.54 (11.3) 46.4 (4.49) Root C (%) 38.06 (1.87) 35.36 (3.56) Root N (%) 0.76 (0.12) 0.9 (0.38) Root C:N 53.02 (6.18) 78.24 (43.59) * Significant at α = 0.10, Welch’s t-test not assuming equal variance.
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