Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Images captured using trail cameras to collect data on human use at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. A) camera positioned in a bird nest box at Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway (Bluffton), B) bicyclist at Bluffton parking lot, C) photographer at Bluffton bridge, D) ATV use at Bluffton driveway, E) horseback rider at Bluffton bridge, F) visitor using the parking lot, only, at Deetz Nature Preserve (Deetz), G) visitor preparing to fish at Deetz, H) hikers at Deetz.
- Figure 2.
The total number of visitor-minutes at each station for each day by activity collected from photographs taken from trail cameras under natural and infrared light (visitor-minutes were assigned to the entry hour) at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. Red lines at the top of each panel indicate sampled days. A) Bluffton Bridge, B) Bluffton Driveway, C) Bluffton Parking Lot, D) Deetz Parking Lot (Deetz=Deetz Nature Preserve, Bluffton=Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway).
- Figure 3.
The mean number of visitor-minutes for each hour of the day at each station by activity collected from photographs taken from trail cameras under natural and infrared light (visitor-minutes were assigned to the entry hour) at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. A) Bluffton Bridge, B) Bluffton Driveway, C) Bluffton Parking Lot, D) Deetz Parking Lot (Deetz=Deetz Nature Preserve, Bluffton=Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway).
- Figure 4.
Simulated surveys of site visitation constructed by rarefaction of trail camera data at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. The number of observed visitor activities detected increased as a nonlinear Michaelis-Menten function of the number of sampling days. Points show numbers of visitor activities detected in individual simulations (jittered vertically for visibility); red lines show predictions of Michaelis-Menten functions fitted to the rarefied data (see Table S1 for parameter estimates). A) Bluffton Bridge, B) Bluffton Driveway, C) Bluffton Parking Lot, D) Deetz Parking Lot (Deetz=Deetz Nature Preserve, Bluffton=Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway).
- Figure 5.
Results of simulated surveys of site visitation constructed by rarefaction of trail camera data at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. Results are the number of consecutive days of sampling needed to accurately estimate the mean number of daily visitors. Points show daily visitor counts from individual simulations (points are jittered horizontally for visibility). Red lines show the standard error of the simulated mean number of daily visitors. Horizontal black line and grey area show overall mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated from all data using all possible days. Vertical dashed line indicates the minimum consecutive days of sampling needed to accurately estimate the number of daily visitors as being within the actual 95% CI. A) Bluffton Bridge, B) Bluffton Driveway, C) Bluffton Parking Lot, D) Deetz Parking Lot (Deetz=Deetz Nature Preserve, Bluffton=Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway).
- Boy at fork in the road with his bike. Source: Arthur Mee and Holland Thompson, eds. The Book of Knowledge (New York, NY: The Grolier Society, 1912). The Florida Center for Instructional Technology, fcit.usf.edu.
Tables
- Table 1.
Total and daily visitor statistics collected during entire study at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. Data summarized were collected on weekends, and weekdays using all camera (i.e., station) observations. Values are the total counts of visitors and party visits and the daily (d) visitor medians and inter-quartile ranges (IQR) detected at each station during the study. The sampling day total for the Bluffton “All Stations” location represents days during which data were collected from at least one Bluffton station.
Period Statistic Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway Deetz Nature Preserve Bridge Driveway Parking Lot All Stations Parking Lot All days Visitors 100 26 83 209 1,296 Visits 61 18 61 140 1,067 Median visitors/d 1 0 1 1 13 IQR visitors/d 2 0 1 3 8 Sampling Days 73 94 87 116 95 Weekend Visitors 44 9 31 84 402 Visits 23 6 24 53 306 Median visitors/d 1 0 1 2 13 IQR visitors/d 3 0 2 3 8 Sampling Days 21 26 26 33 28 Weekday Visitors 56 17 52 125 894 Visits 38 12 37 87 761 Median visitors/d 0.5 0 1 1 13 IQR visitors/d 2 0 1 3 8 Sampling Days 52 68 61 83 67 - Table 2:
Summary of the visit duration (in minutes) of a party (i.e., one or more people) that stayed more than five minutes at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. Number in parentheses is number of sampling days. The sampling day total for the Bluffton “All Stations” location represents days during which data were collected from at least one Bluffton station. IQR is inter-quartile range. Empty cells are indicated with an em-dash.
Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway Deetz Nature Preserve Bridge (73) Driveway (94) Parking Lot (87) All Stations (116) Parking Lot (95) Overall Visits 21.00 5.00 34.00 60.00 456.00 Median stay 17.63 9.87 30.00 20.73 29.63 IQR stay 21.38 6.38 43.50 30.12 37.42 Individual groups ATV Visits 0.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 0.00 Median stay — 29.71 58.08 46.33 — IQR stay — 33.25 0.00 45.00 — Bicycling Visits 4.00 1.00 2.00 7.00 7.00 Median stay 12.09 9.87 46.39 12.72 16.60 IQR stay 11.33 0.00 57.22 21.40 42.82 Fishing Visits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 Median stay — — — — 175.63 IQR stay — — — — 96.53 Hiking Visits 14.00 0.00 20.00 34.00 233.00 Median stay 16.53 — 34.18 23.12 37.32 IQR stay 14.22 — 51.75 25.20 37.60 Only in parking lot Visits 0.00 2.00 9.00 11.00 212.00 Median stay — 6.28 16.90 10.30 18.99 IQR stay — 0.85 21.62 22.18 25.16 Photography Visits 3.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 0.00 Median stay 114.18 — 30.00 38.82 — IQR stay 81.72 — 0.00 84.18 — - Table 3:
Daily and total visitor activity statistics collected during study using all station observations at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. Values are the number of visitors per day at each station during study. Number in parentheses is number of sampling days. The sampling day total for the Bluffton “All Stations” location represents days during which data were collected from at least one Bluffton station. IQR is inter-quartile range. Empty cells are indicated with an em-dash.
Time Period Statistic Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway Stations Deetz Nature Preserve Stations Bridge
(73)Drive-way
(94)Parking Lot
(87)All Stations
(116)Parking Lot
(95)ATV Total Visitors 0 10 3 13 0 Visits 0 5 1 6 0 Biking Total Visitors 28 3 7 38 36 Visits 15 3 3 21 26 Fishing Total Visitors 0 0 0 0 4 Visits 0 0 0 0 4 Hiking Total Visitors 58 6 39 103 351 Visits 42 4 29 75 257 Daily Median Visitors 0 0 0 0 3 IQR Visitors 1 0 1 1 3 Total Visitors 1 0 0 1 0 Horseback riding Visits 1 0 0 1 0 Only in parking lot Total Visitors 0 7 28 35 905 Visits 0 6 24 30 780 Daily Median Visitors — 0 0 0 9 IQR Visitors — 0 0 0 6 Photography Total Visitors 13 0 6 19 0 Visits 3 0 4 7 0 Daily Median Visitors 0 — 0 0 — IQR Visitors 0 — 0 0 — - Table 4:
Time and variable cost (in U.S. dollars, or US$) per mean trail camera deployment period (10.8 d) to monitor human use at the Bluffton Native Habitat Waterway, Bluffton, Indiana, and Deetz Nature Preserve in New Haven, Indiana, during the summer of 2016. All estimates are from the 2016 field season and include time for camera data collection and maintenance and subsequent image preparation, interpretation, and analysis. Costs do not include travel to/from field site or per-diem expenses. Mean cost for data collection through analysis for one day for one camera station based on 10.8-d deployment period was US$217.72.
Equipment and Supply Costs per Deployment (US$)a Mean Deployment Time, N = 32 Study Deployments (hr) Time for Data Retrieval, Camera Maintenance. (hr) Image Preparation and Interpretation (hr)b Data Processing and Analysis (hr)c Total Personnel Costs (US$)d Total Cost (US$) Mean Std dev Member Leader Member Leader Member Leader Member 40.00 261.60 8.84 0.25 5.00 80.00 1.25 14.88 248.41 2,062.99 2,351.40 ↵a Estimated costs include batteries and memory cards only and do not include a single trail camera (US$150) or nest boxes. Replacement of a memory card and camera batteries occurred once per 10.8 d deployment.
↵b Image preparation and interpretation time accounts for visually scanning each image for the presence of visitors and, when present, recording date, day of the week, time, number of visitors in the party, and visitor activity. When possible, from subsequent photographs, visit duration was established and recorded.
↵c Data processing time accounted for compiling prepared data from multiple deployments to determine site specific use, activity values, and their statistical evaluation.
↵d Total hourly costs for a team leader involved with data analysis and supervising data collection and a team member who examined imagery were calculated at the hourly rates of US$28.39 and US$15.49, respectively (US OPM 2016), plus a 40% allowance for benefits. Hourly personnel costs at the time of publication (OPM 2022) were 12% higher than at the time of the field study.
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.