Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Percent survival of local and non-local transplants of six species included in this study grown in the Iowa State University Forestry Greenhouse (measured in 2014) and at three forest field sites (measured in 2015) in Ames, Iowa.
Species Greenhouse Field sites Local Non-local Local Non-local Asarum canadense Wild ginger 88% 100% 72% 70% Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf 100% 100% 85% 97% Mertensia virginica Virginia bluebells 100% 100% 83% 92% Polygonum virginianum Jumpseed 100% 100% 92% 80% Ranunculus hispidus Bristly buttercup 100% 100% 82% 73% Solidago flexicaulis Zigzag goldenrod 94% 100% 40% 78% - Table 2.
Means and one-way ANOVA results for traits measured for six perennial herbaceous understory species transplanted to the State University Forestry Greenhouse in Ames, Iowa, in 2014. Asterisks indicate differences in traits between local and non-local plants.
Species/trait Local mean Non-local mean MSE population F value p-value Asarum canadense F1,28 Fruit number 0.7 0.8 0.07 0.3 0.603 Leaf area (cm2) * 49.3 79.6 6842.00 13.5 0.001 Leaf number 2.0 2.0 0.00 0.0 1.000 Stem diameter (cm) * 0.4 0.5 0.08 20.7 < 0.001 Hydrophyllum virginianum F1,32 Flower number 32.1 23.6 320.3 1.1 0.312 Leaf area (cm2) * 134.4 199.8 36256.2 8.6 0.006 Leaf number * 8.7 6.1 59.9 10.6 0.002 Mertensia virginica F1, 30 Flower number * 29.8 4.1 5253.1 22.8 < 0.001 Height (cm) 21.7 19.0 60.2 2.4 0.132 Leaf area (cm2) * 36.1 62.4 5561.3 10.0 0.004 Leaf number * 20.1 5.7 1653.1 34.4 < 0.001 Stem diameter (cm) 0.41 0.4 0.03 3.0 0.093 Polygonum virginianum F1, 30 Height (cm) * 69.3 56.2 1335.4 19.0 < 0.001 Leaf area (cm2) * 180.5 206.0 5225.2 8.6 0.006 Leaf number * 48.7 34.8 1554.0 20.1 <0.001 Stem diameter (cm) 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.624 Ranunculus hispidus F1, 30 Leaf number * 6.4 22.2 1984.5 6.7 0.014 Solidago flexicaulis F1, 31 Height * 44.9 64.2 3066.3 11.2 0.002 Leaf area * 75.8 105.2 7056.9 9.1 0.005 Leaf number * 23.9 50.1 5583.0 15.5 0.014 Seed head number 26.7 19.8 382.1 3.2 0.085 Stem diameter * 0.31 0.4 0.1 22.0 < 0.001 - Table 3.
Means (2014) and two-way ANOVA results (block results not shown) for traits measured for six perennial herbaceous understory species transplanted to three field sites in Ames, Iowa. Asterisks indicate differences in traits between local and non-local plants.
Species/trait Local mean Non-local mean MSE population F1, 26 p-value Asarum canadense Fruit number * 0.2 0.4 0.4 6.3 0.018 Leaf area (cm2) * 38.5 57.1 2607.6 25.7 < 0.001 Leaf number 1.8 1.9 0.1 3.4 0.078 Stem diameter (cm) * 0.3 0.4 0.04 51.1 < 0.001 Hydrophyllum virginianum Flower number * 17.6 6.1 994.8 19.8 < 0.001 Leaf area (cm2) 49.1 54.1 188.2 1.3 0.266 Leaf number * 3.4 2.2 10.3 20.9 < 0.001 Mertensia virginica Flower number * 24.4 3.5 59.1 6.9 < 0.001 Height (cm) * 19.5 16.7 3276.1 34.1 < 0.001 Leaf area (cm2) * 14.5 30.2 1842.4 43.0 < 0.001 Leaf number * 11.8 6.0 256.7 31.1 < 0.001 Stem diameter (cm) 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.408 Polygonum virginianum Height (cm) 24.4 23.9 1.9 0.1 0.770 Leaf area (cm2) * 54.6 68.8 1517.6 8.8 0.006 Leaf number 6.5 6.0 1.5 1.9 0.177 Stem diameter (cm) 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.320 Ranunculus hispidus Flower number * 0.2 0.6 1.5 10.9 0.003 Leaf number * 6.3 3.9 42.0 11.1 0.003 Tiller number * 0.6 0.3 1.0 5.8 0.024 Solidago flexicaulis Height (cm) * 19.0 27.1 503.2 9.4 0.005 Leaf area (cm2) * 31.0 48.1 2207.9 16.1 0.001 Leaf number * 5.4 7.7 40.6 12.3 0.002 Stem diameter (cm) 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.828 - Table 4.
Means (2015) and two-way ANOVA results (block results not shown) for traits measured for six perennial herbaceous understory species transplanted to three field sites in Ames, Iowa. +F1,21 for Asarum canadense. Asterisks indicate differences in traits between local and non-local plants.
Species/trait Local mean Non-local mean MSE population +F1,26 p-value Asarum canadense Flower/fruit number 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.749 Leaf area (cm2) 37.8 50.5 1155.1 2.7 0.117 Leaf number 2.6 3.1 1.6 2.3 0.147 Stem diameter (cm) * 0.3 0.4 0.0 8.9 0.007 Hydrophyllum virginianum Flower number * 11.0 0.5 825.1 7.1 0.013 Leaf area (cm2) 99.5 103.3 103.4 0.0 0.846 Leaf number 4.3 3.5 5.8 2.3 0.146 Mertensia virginica Flower number * 77.3 34.3 13874.7 60.4 < 0.001 Height (cm) 8.5 7.5 7.6 3.8 0.062 Leaf area (cm2) * 8.3 14.4 274.6 58.6 < 0.001 Leaf number * 27.9 125.2 1205.5 43.8 < 0.001 Stem diameter (cm) * 0.4 0.54 0.2 109.6 < 0.001 Polygonum virginianum Height (cm) 28.1 29.1 6.3 0.1 0.770 Leaf area (cm2) 45.0 59.3 1542.3 2.5 0.123 Leaf number * 6.7 5.3 14.0 5.1 0.033 Stem diameter (cm) 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.978 Ranunculus hispidus Flower number 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.360 Leaf number 7.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.973 Tiller number 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.844 Solidago flexicaulis Height (cm) 26.2 28.3 23.0 0.3 0.577 Leaf area (cm2) 39.8 38.6 22.9 0.1 0.723 Leaf number 6.6 6.5 0.3 0.0 0.861 Stem diameter (cm) 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.411 - Table 5.
Means (2016) and two-way ANOVA results (block results not shown) for traits measured for four perennial herbaceous understory species transplanted to three forest field sites, Ames, Iowa. Asterisks indicate differences in traits between local and nonlocal plants.
Species/trait Local mean Non-local mean MSE population F-ratio p-value Asarum canadense Fruit number 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.408 Leaf area (cm2) 138.7 125.6 620.0 0.1 0.714 Leaf number 5.0 5.6 1.1 0.1 0.718 Hydrophyllum virginianum Flower number 29.4 26.9 28.3 0.1 0.778 Leaf number 7.3 7.6 0.4 0.1 0.812 Mertensia virginica Flower number 40.0 29.6 478.8 2.3 0.149 Leaf number 17.6 20.7 42.5 0.9 0.366 Ranunculus hispidus Flower number 1.2 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.746 Leaf number 8.2 8.2 0.8 0.1 0.799 Tiller number 3.6 2.9 0.6 0.1 0.769
