Effect of Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass) Seeding Date on Establishment and Resistance to Invasion by Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass)

References

1. ↵
   1. Bates D.,
   2. Mächler M.,
   3. Bolker B.M.,
   4. Walker S.C.

   2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67:1–48.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Boyd C.S.,
   2. Davies K.

   2012. Spatial variability in cost and success of revegetation in a Wyoming big sagebrush community. Environmental Management 50:441–450.

   OpenUrlPubMed
3. 1. Boyd C.S.,
   2. James J.J.

   2013. Variation in timing of planting influences bluebunch wheatgrass demography in an arid system. Rangeland Ecology and Management 66:117–126.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Boyd C.S.,
   2. Lemos J.A.

   2015. Evaluating winter/spring seeding of a native perennial bunchgrass in the sagebrush steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management 68:494–500.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Daubenmire R.F.

   1959. A canopy-cover method of vegetational analysis. Northwest Science 33:43–64.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Davies K.,
   2. Johnson D.

   2017. Established perennial vegetation provides high resistance to reinvasion by exotic annual grasses. Rangeland Ecology and Management 70:748–754.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Dickson T.L.,
   2. Hopwood J.L.,
   3. Wilsey B.J.

   2012. Do priority effects benefit invasive plants more than native plants? An experiment with six grassland species. Biological Invasions 14:2617–2624.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Farrell H.L.,
   2. Fehmi J.S.

   2018. Seeding alters plant community trajectory: Impacts of seeding, grazing and trampling on semi-arid re-vegetation. Applied Vegetation Science 21:240–249.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Grman E.,
   2. Suding K.N.

   2010. Within-year soil legacies contribute to strong priority effects of exotics on native California grassland communities. Restoration Ecology 18:664–670.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Grotkopp E.,
    2. Rejmánek M.

    2007. High seedling relative growth rate and specific leaf area are traits of invasive species: Phylogenetically independent contrasts of woody angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 94:526–532.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
11. ↵
    1. Hardegree S.P.,
    2. Moffet C.A.,
    3. Flerchinger G.N.,
    4. Cho J.,
    5. Roundy B.A.,
    6. Jones T.A.,
    7. Pierson F.B.

    2013. Hydrothermal assessment of temporal variability in seedbed microclimate. Rangeland Ecology and Management 66:127–135.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Hardegree S.P.,
    2. Jones T.A.,
    3. Roundy B.A.,
    4. Shaw N.L.,
    5. Monaco T.A.

    2016. Assessment of range planting as a conservation practice. Rangeland Ecology and Management 69:337–347.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Humphrey L.D.,
    2. Schupp E.W.

    2001. Seed banks of Bromus tectorum dominated communities in the Great Basin. Western North American Naturalist 61:85–92.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Humphrey L.D.,
    2. Schupp E.W.

    2004. Competition as a barrier to establishment of a native perennial grass (Elymus elymoides) in alien annual grass (Bromus tectorum) communities. Journal of Arid Environments 58:405–422.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
15. ↵
    1. Jacobs J.S.,
    2. Sing S.E.,
    3. Martin J.M.

    2006. Influence of herbivory and competition on invasive weed fitness: Observed effects of Cyphocleonus achates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and grass-seeding treatments on spotted knapweed performance. Environmental Entomology 35:1590–1596.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. ↵
    1. James J.J.,
    2. Drenovsky R.E.

    2007. A basis for relative growth rate differences between native and invasive forb seedlings. Rangeland Ecology and Management 60:395–400.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
17. ↵
    1. James J.J.

    2008. Effect of soil nitrogen stress on the relative growth rate of annual and perennial grasses in the Intermountain West. Plant and Soil 310:201–210.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
18. ↵
    1. James J.J.,
    2. Davies K.W.,
    3. Sheley R.L.,
    4. Aanderud Z.T.

    2008. Linking nitrogen partitioning and species abundance to invasion resistance in the Great Basin. Oecologia 156:637–648.

    OpenUrlPubMed
19. ↵
    1. James J.J.,
    2. Svejcar T.J.

    2010. Limitations to postfire seedling establishment: The role of seeding technology, water availability, and invasive plant abundance. Rangeland Ecology and Management 63:491–495.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
20. ↵
    1. James J.J.,
    2. Drenovsky R.E.,
    3. Monaco T.A.,
    4. Rinella M.J.

    2011. Managing soil nitrogen to restore annual grass-infested plant communities: effective strategy or incomplete framework? Ecological Applications 21:490–502.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. ↵
    1. James J.J.,
    2. Rinella M.J.,
    3. Svejcar T.J.

    2012. Grass seedling demography and sagebrush steppe restoration. Rangeland Ecology and Management 65:409–417.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. ↵
    1. Kyser G.B.,
    2. Creech J.E.,
    3. Zhang J.,
    4. DiTomaso J.M.

    2012. Selective control of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) in California sagebrush scrub using low rates of glyphosate. Invasive Plant Science and Management 5:1–8.

    OpenUrl
23. 1. Kyser G.B.,
    2. Wilson R.G.,
    3. Zhang J.,
    4. Ditomaso J.M.

    2013. Herbicide-assisted restoration of Great Basin sagebrush steppe infested with medusahead and downy brome. Rangeland Ecology and Management 66:588–596.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
24. ↵
    1. Larson C.D.,
    2. Lehnhoff E.A.,
    3. Noffsinger C.,
    4. Rew L.J.

    2018. Competition between cheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass is altered by temperature, resource availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Oecologia 186:855–868.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Lenth R.,
    2. Singmann H.,
    3. Love J.,
    4. Buerkner P.,
    5. Herve M.

    2018. Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. CRAN. CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans.
26. ↵
    1. Lucero J.E.,
    2. Callaway R.M.

    2018. Native granivores reduce the establishment of native grasses but not invasive Bromus tectorum. Biological Invasions 20:3491–3497.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Mangla S.,
    2. Sheley R.L.,
    3. James J.J.,
    4. Radosevich S.R.

    2011a. Intra and interspecific competition among invasive and native species during early stages of plant growth. Plant Ecology 212:531–542.

    OpenUrl
28. 1. Mangla S.,
    2. Sheley R.L.,
    3. James J.J.,
    4. Radosevich S.R.

    2011b. Role of competition in restoring resource poor arid systems dominated by invasive grasses. Journal of Arid Environments 75:487–493.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
29. ↵
    1. Mangold J.M.,
    2. Orloff N.,
    3. Parkinson H.,
    4. Halstvedt M.

    2015. Integrating herbicides and re-seeding to restore rangeland infested by an invasive forb-annual grass complex. Ecological Restoration 33:16–19.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
30. ↵
    1. Monsen S.B.,
    2. Stevens R.

    2004. Seedbed preparation and seeding practices. Pages 121–154 in Monsen S.B., Stevens R., Shaw N.L., comps. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136.
31. ↵
    1. NOAA

    . 2018. Daily summary station details from 2017 and 2018 for station Bozeman 6 W Experimental Farm, MT US C00241047 (accessed November 24, 2018). www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web.
32. 1. Orloff N.,
    2. Mangold J.M.,
    3. Menalled F.D.

    2013. Role of size and nitrogen in competition between annual and perennial grasses. Invasive Plant Science and Management 6:87–98.

    OpenUrl
33. ↵
    1. Pearson D.E.,
    2. Ortega Y.K.,
    3. Runyon J.B.,
    4. Butler J.L.

    2016. Secondary invasion: The bane of weed management. Biological Conservation 197:8–17.

    OpenUrl
34. 1. R Core Team

    2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. www.R-project.org.
35. ↵
    1. Ray-Mukherjee J.,
    2. Jones T.A.,
    3. Adler P.B.,
    4. Monaco T.A.

    2011. Immature seedling growth of two North American native perennial bunchgrasses and the invasive grass Bromus tectorum. Rangeland Ecology and Management 64:358–365.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. Rinella M.J.,
    2. Mangold J.M.,
    3. Espeland E.K.,
    4. Sheley R.L.,
    5. Jacobs J.S.

    2012. Long-term population dynamics of seeded plants in invaded grasslands. Ecological Applications 22:1320–1329.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. ↵
    1. Rinella M.J.,
    2. James J.J.

    2017. A modelling framework for improving plant establishment during ecological restoration. Ecological Modelling 361:177–183.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Schantz M.C.,
    2. Sheley R.L.,
    3. James J.J.

    2015. Role of propagule pressure and priority effects on seedlings during invasion and restoration of shrub-steppe. Biological Invasions 17:73–85.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Schantz M.C.,
    2. Sheley R.L.,
    3. James J.J.,
    4. Hamerlynck E.P.

    2016. Role of dispersal timing and frequency in annual grass-invaded Great Basin ecosystems: How modifying seeding strategies increases restoration success. Western North American Naturalist 76:36–52.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Sebastian D.J.,
    2. Sebastian J.R.,
    3. Nissen S.J.,
    4. Beck K.G.

    2016. A potential new herbicide for invasive annual grass control on rangeland. Rangeland Ecology and Management 69:195–198.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Sebastian D.J.,
    2. Fleming M.B.,
    3. Patterson E.L.,
    4. Sebastian J.R.,
    5. Nissen S.J.

    2017a. Indaziflam: a new cellulose-biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide provides long-term control of invasive winter annual grasses. Pest Management Science 73:2149–2162.

    OpenUrl
42. ↵
    1. Sebastian D.J.,
    2. Nissen S.J.,
    3. Sebastian J.R.,
    4. Beck K.G.

    2017b. Seed bank depletion: The key to long-term downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) management. Rangeland Ecology and Management 70:477–483.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Sheley R.L.,
    2. Jacobs J.S.,
    3. Lucas D.E.

    2001. Revegetating spotted knapweed infested rangeland in a single entry. Journal of Range Management 54:144–151.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
44. ↵
    1. Sheley R.L.,
    2. Mangold J.M.,
    3. Anderson J.L.

    2006. Potential for successional theory to guide restoration of invasive-plant-dominated rangeland. Ecological Monographs 76:365–379.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
45. 1. Sheley R.L.,
    2. Mangold J.M.,
    3. Goodwin K.,
    4. Marks J.

    2008. Revegetation guidelines for the Great Basin: Considering invasive weeds. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
46. ↵
    1. Stubbendieck J.,
    2. Hatch S.,
    3. Butterfield C.

    1997. North American Range Plants, 5th edition. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
47. ↵
    1. USDA-NRCS

    . 2012. Release brochure for “Goldar” bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Aberdeen, Idaho.
48. ↵
    1. Wainwright C.E.,
    2. Wolkovich E.M.,
    3. Cleland E.E.

    2012. Seasonal priority effects: implications for invasion and restoration in a semi-arid system. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:234–241.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
49. ↵
    1. Weather Underground

    . 2018. Weather history details from 2017 and 2018 for station one mile east of Bozeman, MT KMTBOZEM46 (accessed November 24, 2018). www.wunderground.com/personal-weather-station/dashboard?ID=KMTBOZEM46#history.
50. ↵
    1. Western Regional Climate Center

    . 2019. NCDC 1981–2019 Monthly Normals for station Bozeman 6 W Exp Farm, Montana (accessed June 20, 2019). wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?mtboz1.
51. ↵
    1. Whitson T.D.,
    2. Koch D.W.

    1998. Control of downy brome (Bromus tectorum) with herbicides and perennial grass competition. Weed Technology 12:391–396.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
52. ↵
    1. Wickham H.

    2016. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
53. ↵
    1. Wickham H.,
    2. Francois R.,
    3. Henry L.,
    4. Müller K.,
    5. RStudio

    . 2018. dplyr: A grammar of data manipulation. CRAN. CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr.
54. 1. Young T.P.,
    2. Zefferman E.P.,
    3. Vaughn K.J.,
    4. Fick S.

    2015. Initial success of native grasses is contingent on multiple interactions among exotic grass competition, temporal priority, rainfall and site effects. AoB PLANTS 7:1–9.

    OpenUrl