Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Index/Abstracts
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • Call for Papers
  • Other Publications
    • UWP
    • Land Economics
    • Landscape Journal
    • Native Plants Journal

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Ecological Restoration
  • Other Publications
    • UWP
    • Land Economics
    • Landscape Journal
    • Native Plants Journal
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Ecological Restoration

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Index/Abstracts
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • Call for Papers
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Visit uwp on Facebook
Research ArticleResearch Article

Management Regime and Field Age Affect Species Richness and Cover of Native Forbs and Exotic Species in Virginia Grasslands

Joseph Ledvina, William J. McShea, Norman A. Bourg, Valentine Herrmann, Thomas Akre and Amy E. M. Johnson
Ecological Restoration, June 2020, 38 (2) 83-93; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/er.38.2.83
Joseph Ledvina
Joseph Ledvina Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA and Natural Resources Section, Environmental Division, Department of Transportation, Little Rock, AR.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
William J. McShea
William J. McShea (corresponding author) Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Norman A. Bourg
Norman A. Bourg, Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Valentine Herrmann
Valentine Herrmann, Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Thomas Akre
Thomas Akre, Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Amy E. M. Johnson
Amy E. M. Johnson, Virginia Working Landscapes, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    1. Adler P.B.,
    2. Seabloom E.W.,
    3. Borer E.T.,
    4. Hillebrand H.,
    5. Hautier Y.,
    6. Hector A.,
    7. et al
    . 2011. Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness. Science 333:1750–1753.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  2. ↵
    1. Allard H.A.,
    2. Leonard E.C.
    1962. List of vascular plants of the northern Triassic area of Virginia. Castanea 27:1–56.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Alpert P.,
    2. Bone E.,
    3. Holzapfel C
    . 2000. Invasiveness, invasibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non-native plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 3:52–66.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  4. ↵
    1. Baer S.G.,
    2. Kitchen D.J.,
    3. Blair J.M.,
    4. Rice C.W
    . 2002. Changes in ecosystem structure and function along a chronosequence of restored grasslands. Ecological Applications 12:1688–1701.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  5. ↵
    1. Bakker J.P.,
    2. Berendse F.
    1999. Constraints in the restoration of ecological diversity in grassland and heathland communities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14:63–8.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Bakker J.D.,
    2. Wilson S.D.,
    3. Christian J.M.,
    4. Li X.,
    5. Ambrose L.G.,
    6. Waddington J
    . 2003. Contingency of grassland restoration on year, site, and competition from introduced grasses. Ecological Applications 13:137–153.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    1. Benson J.D
    . 2011. Characterization of Piedmont Prairie Sites in North and South Carolina. PhD dissertation. Clemson University.
  8. ↵
    1. Blaauw B.R.,
    2. Isaacs R.
    2014. Flower plantings increase wild bee abundance and the pollination services provided to a pollination-dependent crop. Journal of Applied Ecology 51:890–898.
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Boughton E.H.,
    2. Bohlen P.J.,
    3. Maki J.H
    . 2017. Effects of experimental season of prescribed fire and nutrient addition on structure and function of previously grazed grassland. Journal of Plant Ecology 11:576–84.
    OpenUrl
  10. ↵
    1. Brown H
    . 2000. Wildland burning by American Indians in Virginia. Fire Management Today 60:29–39.
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    1. Brudvig L.A.,
    2. Grman E.,
    3. Habeck C.W.,
    4. Orrock J.L.,
    5. Ledvina J.A
    . 2013. Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and under-story plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310:944–955.
    OpenUrl
  12. ↵
    1. Cameron S.A.,
    2. Lozier J.D.,
    3. Strange J.P.,
    4. Koch J.B.,
    5. Cordes N.,
    6. Solter L.F.,
    7. et al
    . 2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:662–667.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. ↵
    1. Cramer V.A.,
    2. Hobbs R.J.,
    3. Standish R.J
    . 2008. What’s new about old fields? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23:104–112.
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    1. Crawley M.J.,
    2. Johnston A.E.,
    3. Silvertown J.,
    4. Dodd M.,
    5. de Mazancourt C.,
    6. Heard M.S.,
    7. et al.
    2005. Determinants of species richness in the Park Grass Experiment. The American Naturalist 165:179–192.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    1. Davis J.E.,
    2. McRae C.,
    3. Estep B.L.,
    4. Barden L.S.,
    5. Matthews J.F
    . 2002. Vascular flora of piedmont prairies: Evidence from several prairie remnants. Castanea 67:1–12.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Fleming G.P.,
    2. Coulling P.P.
    2001. Ecological communities of the George Washington and Jefferson national forests, Virginia. Preliminary classification and description of vegetation types. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA.
  17. ↵
    1. Flinn K.M.,
    2. Vellend M.
    2005. Recovery of forest plant communities in post-agricultural landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3:243–250.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    1. Flinn K.M.,
    2. Vellend M.,
    3. Marks P.L
    . 2005. Environmental causes and consequences of forest clearance and agricultural abandonment in central New York, USA. Journal of Biogeography 32:439–452.
    OpenUrl
  19. ↵
    1. Foster D.,
    2. Swanson F.,
    3. Aber J.,
    4. Burke I.,
    5. Brokaw N.,
    6. Tilman D.,
    7. et al
    . 2003. The importance of land-use legacies to ecology and conservation. BioScience 53:77–88.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    1. Harpole W.S.,
    2. Sullivan L.L.,
    3. Lind E.M.,
    4. Firn J.,
    5. Adler P.B.,
    6. Borer E.T.,
    7. et al
    . 2016 Addition of multiple limiting resources reduces grassland diversity. Nature 537:93–96.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  21. ↵
    1. Hautier Y.,
    2. Seabloom E.W.,
    3. Borer E.T.,
    4. Adler P.B.,
    5. Harpole W.S.,
    6. Hillebrand H.,
    7. et al
    . 2014. Eutrophication weakens stabilizing effects of diversity in natural grasslands. Nature 508:521–525.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  22. ↵
    1. Hejcman M.,
    2. Klaudisová M.,
    3. Schellberg J.,
    4. Honsová D
    . 2007. The Rengen Grassland Experiment: Plant species composition after 64 years of fertilizer application. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122:259–266.
    OpenUrl
  23. ↵
    1. Hillhouse H.L.,
    2. Zedler P.H.
    2011. Native species establishment in tallgrass prairie plantings. The American Midland Naturalist 166:292–308.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Huddleston R.T.,
    2. Young T.P.
    2005. Weed control and soil amendment effects on resotration plantings in an Oregon grassland. Western North American Naturalist 65:507–515.
    OpenUrl
  25. ↵
    1. Huenneke L.F.,
    2. Hamburg S.P.,
    3. Koide R,
    4. Mooney H.A.,
    5. Vitousek P.M
    . 1990. Effects of soil resources on plant invasion and community structure in Californian serpentine grassland. Ecology 71:478–491.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  26. ↵
    1. Inouye R.S.,
    2. Tilman D.
    1995. Convergence and divergence of old-field vegetation after 11 yr of nitrogen addition. Ecology 76:1872–1887.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    1. Janssens F.,
    2. Peeters A.,
    3. Tallowin J.R.,
    4. Bakker J.P.,
    5. Bekker R.M.,
    6. Fillat F.,
    7. Oomes M.J
    . 1998. Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity. Plant and Soil 202:69–78.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    1. Jauni M.,
    2. Gripenberg S.,
    3. Ramula S
    . 2015. Non-native plant species benefit from disturbance: A meta-analysis. Oikos 124: 122–29.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  29. ↵
    1. Jones L.,
    2. Stevens C.,
    3. Rowe E.C.,
    4. Payne R.,
    5. Caporn S.J.,
    6. Evans C.D.,
    7. et al
    . 2012. Can on-site management mitigate nitrogen deposition impacts in non-wooded habitats? Biological Conservation 212:464–75.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    1. Kirby J.T
    . 1991. Virginia’s environmental history: A prospectus. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 99:449–488.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Matthews J.W.,
    2. Molano-Flores B.,
    3. Ellis J.,
    4. Marcum P.B.,
    5. Handel W.,
    6. Zylka J.,
    7. et al
    . 2017. Impacts of management and antecedent site condition on restoration outcomes in a sand prairie. Restoration Ecology 25:972–81.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Maron J.L.,
    2. Jefferies R.L.
    2001. Restoring enriched grasslands: Effects of mowing on species richness, productivity, and nitrogen retention. Ecological Applications 11:1088–100.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  33. ↵
    1. Marrs R.H
    . 1993. Soil Fertility and Nature Conservation in Europe: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Management Solutions. Pages 241–300 in Begon M., Fitte A.H. (eds), Advances in Ecological Research. Vol. 24. London, UK: Academic Press.
  34. ↵
    1. Martin L.M.,
    2. Moloney K.A.,
    3. Wilsey B.J
    . 2005. An assessment of grassland restoration success using species diversity components. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:327–336.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    1. Masters R.A.,
    2. Nissen S.J.,
    3. Gaussoin R.E.,
    4. Beran D.D.,
    5. Stougaard R.N
    . 1996. Imidazolinone herbicides improve restoration of Great Plains grasslands. Weed Technology 10:392–403.
    OpenUrl
  36. ↵
    1. McCain K.N.S.,
    2. Baer S.G.,
    3. Blair J.M.,
    4. Wilson G.W.T
    . 2010. Dominant grasses suppress local diversity in restored tallgrass prairie. Restoration Ecology 18:40–49.
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. Middleton E.L.,
    2. Bever J.D.,
    3. Schultz P.A
    . 2010. The effect of restoration methods on the quality of the restoration and resistance to invasion by exotics. Restoration Ecology 18:181–187.
    OpenUrl
  38. ↵
    1. Miles E.K.,
    2. Knops J.M.H.
    2009. Shifting dominance from native C4 to non-native C3 grasses: Relationships to community diversity. Oikos 118:1844–1853.
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Millikin A.R.,
    2. Jarchow M.E.,
    3. Olmstead K.L.,
    4. Krentz R.E.,
    5. Dixon M.D
    . 2016. Site preparation drives long-term plant community dynamics in restored tallgrass prairie: A case study in Southeastern South Dakota. Environmental Management 58:597–605.
    OpenUrl
  40. ↵
    1. Morghan K.R.,
    2. Seastedt T.R.
    1999. Effects of soil nitrogen reduction on non-native plants in restored grasslands. Restoration Ecology 7:51–5.
    OpenUrl
  41. ↵
    1. Morghan K.J.R.,
    2. Rice K.J.
    2006. Variation in resource availability changes the impact of invasive thistles on native bunchgrasses. Ecological Applications 16:528–539.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. ↵
    1. Myers J.A.,
    2. Harms K.E.
    2009. Seed arrival, ecological filters, and plant species richness: A meta-analysis. Ecology Letters 12:1250–60.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    1. Nsikani M.M.,
    2. van Wilgen B.W.,
    3. Gaertner M
    . 2018. Barriers to ecosystem restoration presented by soil legacy effects of invasive alien N2-fixing woody species: Implications for ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology 26:235–44.
    OpenUrl
  44. ↵
    1. Peterson P.R.,
    2. Brann D.E.
    2009. Forage Production. Pages 31–40 in Brann D.E., Holhouser D.L., Mullins G.L. (eds.) Agronomy Handbook. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Blacksburg, VA.
  45. ↵
    1. R Core Team
    . 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
  46. ↵
    1. Ramankutty N.,
    2. Heller E.,
    3. Rhemtulla J
    . 2010. Prevailing myths about agricultural abandonment and forest regrowth in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100:502–512.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    1. Reichman O.J
    . 1987. Konza Prairie: A tallgrass natural history. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
  48. ↵
    1. Rowe H.I
    . 2010. Tricks of the trade: Techniques and opinions from 38 experts in tallgrass prairie restoration. Restoration Ecology 18:253–262.
    OpenUrl
  49. ↵
    1. Samson F.,
    2. Knopf F
    . 1994. Prairie conservation in North America. BioScience 44:418–421.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  50. ↵
    1. Seabloom E.W.,
    2. Borer E.T.,
    3. Buckley Y.M.,
    4. Cleland E.E.,
    5. Davies K.F.,
    6. Firn J.,
    7. et al
    . 2015. Plant species’ origin predicts dominance and response to nutrient enrichment and herbivores in global grasslands. Nature Communications 6:7710.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    1. Silvertown J.,
    2. Poulton P.,
    3. Johnston E.,
    4. Edwards G.,
    5. Heard M.,
    6. Biss P.M
    . 2006. The Park Grass Experiment 1856–2006: Its contribution to ecology. Journal of Ecology 94:801–814.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  52. ↵
    1. Sims J.T.,
    2. Maguire R.O.,
    3. Leytem A.B.,
    4. Gartley K.L.,
    5. Pautler M.C
    . 2002. Evaluation of Mehlich 3 as an agri-environmental soil phosphorus test for the Mid-Atlantic United States of America. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66:2016–2032.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  53. ↵
    1. Smith S.,
    2. White H.E.,
    3. Hagood E.S.,
    4. Wolf D.D
    . 2009. No-Till Seeding of Forage Grasses and Legumes. Virginia Tech Cooperative Extension Publication 418–007.
  54. ↵
    1. Suding K.N.,
    2. Collins S.L.,
    3. Gough L.,
    4. Clark C.,
    5. Cleland E.E.,
    6. Gross K.L.,
    7. et al
    . 2005. Functional- and abundance-based mechanisms explain diversity loss due to N fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:4387–4392.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  55. ↵
    1. Stevens C.J.,
    2. Thompson K.,
    3. Grime J.P.,
    4. Long C.J.,
    5. Gowing D.J
    . 2010. Contribution of acidification and eutrophication to declines in species richness of calcifuge grasslands along a gradient of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Functional Ecology 24:478–84.
    OpenUrl
  56. ↵
    1. Schnoor T.,
    2. Bruun H.H.,
    3. Olsson P.A
    . 2015. Soil disturbance as a grassland restoration measure-effects on plant species composition and plant functional traits. PloS ONE 10(4):e0123698.
    OpenUrl
  57. ↵
    1. Tilman D.,
    2. Isbell F.
    2015. Biodiversity: recovery as nitrogen declines. Nature. 528:336–337.
    OpenUrl
  58. ↵
    1. Teutsch C.D
    . 2009. Warm-season annual grasses for summer forage. Virginia Tech Cooperative Extension publication 418–004.
  59. ↵
    1. Tompkins R.D.R
    . 2013. Prairie-relict communities of a Piedmont Monadnock. Castanea 78:185–197.
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. Trowbridge C.C.,
    2. Stanley A.,
    3. Kaye T.N.,
    4. Dunwiddie P.W.,
    5. Williams J.L
    . 2017. Long-term effects of prairie restoration on plant community structure and native population dynamics. Restoration Ecology 25:559–568.
    OpenUrl
  61. ↵
    1. United States Department of Argiculture
    . 2014. 2012 Census of Agriculture: United States Summary and State Data. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 1:1–695.
    OpenUrl
  62. ↵
    1. VWL
    . 2019. Virginia Working Landscape. www.vaworkinglandscapes.org
  63. ↵
    1. Waisanen P.J.,
    2. Bliss N.B.
    2002. Changes in population and agricultural land in conterminous United States counties, 1790 to 1997. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16:19–84.
    OpenUrl
    1. Waldén E.,
    2. Lindborg R.
    2016. Long term positive effect of grassland restoration on plant diversity - Success or not? PLoS ONE 11:1–16.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  64. ↵
    1. Weakley A.S.,
    2. Ludwig J.C.,
    3. Townsend J.F.,
    4. Crowder B
    . 2013. Flora of Virginia. Botanical Fort Worth, TX: Research Institute of Texas Press.
  65. ↵
    1. Whiles M.R.,
    2. Charlton R.E.
    2006. The ecological significance of tallgrass prairie arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 51:387–412.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  66. ↵
    1. Willems J.H.,
    2. van Nieuwstadt M.G.L.
    1996. Long-term after effects of fertilization on above-ground phytomass and species diversity in calcareous grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:177–184.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  67. ↵
    1. Winsa M.,
    2. Bommarco R.,
    3. Lindborg R.,
    4. Marini L.,
    5. Öckinger E
    . 2015. Recovery of plant diversity in restored semi-natural pastures depends on adjacent land use. Applied Vegetation Science 18:413–22.
    OpenUrl
  68. ↵
    1. Woodward S.L.,
    2. Hoffman R.L.
    1991. The nature of Virginia. Virginia’s endangered species. Blacksburg: McDonald and Woodward Publishing.
  69. ↵
    1. Zylka J.J.,
    2. Whelan C.J.,
    3. Molano-Flores B
    . 2016. Restoration implications of land management legacy on aboveground and seed bank composition of North American grasslands. The American Midland Naturalist 176:36–59.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Ecological Restoration: 38 (2)
Ecological Restoration
Vol. 38, Issue 2
1 Jun 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Ecological Restoration.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Management Regime and Field Age Affect Species Richness and Cover of Native Forbs and Exotic Species in Virginia Grasslands
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Ecological Restoration
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Ecological Restoration web site.
Citation Tools
Management Regime and Field Age Affect Species Richness and Cover of Native Forbs and Exotic Species in Virginia Grasslands
Joseph Ledvina, William J. McShea, Norman A. Bourg, Valentine Herrmann, Thomas Akre, Amy E. M. Johnson
Ecological Restoration Jun 2020, 38 (2) 83-93; DOI: 10.3368/er.38.2.83

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Management Regime and Field Age Affect Species Richness and Cover of Native Forbs and Exotic Species in Virginia Grasslands
Joseph Ledvina, William J. McShea, Norman A. Bourg, Valentine Herrmann, Thomas Akre, Amy E. M. Johnson
Ecological Restoration Jun 2020, 38 (2) 83-93; DOI: 10.3368/er.38.2.83
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Effects of Restoration on Small Headwater Stream Quality
  • Container Type but not Substrate or Hydrogel affects Establishment of Sandhill Milkweed (Asclepias humistrata)
  • Natural Regeneration Dynamics of Himalayan Forests
Show more Research Article

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • grassland restoration
  • invasive species
  • land management
  • native forbs
  • soil disturbance
UW Press logo

© 2025 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire