Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) Planting in Degraded Thickets Improves Soil Properties and Vegetation Diversity

References

1. ↵
   1. Chan K.Y.,
   2. Bowman A.,
   3. Oates A

   . 2001. Oxidizible organic carbon fractions and soil quality changes in an Oxic Paleustalf under different pasture leys. Soil Science Society of America Journal 166:61–67.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
2. ↵
   1. Cowling R.M

   . 1984. A syntaxonomic and synecological study of the Humansdorp region of the Fynbos Biome. Bothalia 15:175–227.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Fedrigo J.K.,
   2. Ataide P.F.,
   3. Filho J.A.,
   4. Oliveira L.V.,
   5. Jaurena M.,
   6. Laca E.A.,
   7. et al

   . 2018. Temporary grazing exclusion promotes rapid recovery of species richness and productivity in a long-term overgrazed Campos grassland. Restoration Ecology 26:677–685.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Lechmere-Oertel R.G.,
   2. Kerley G.I.H.,
   3. Cowling R.M

   . 2005. Landscape dysfunction and reduced spatial heterogeneity in soil resources and fertility in semi-arid succulent thicket, South Africa. Austral Ecology 30:615–624.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Li W.,
   2. Yan M.,
   3. Qingfeng Z.,
   4. Zhikaun J

   . 2012. Effects of vegetation restoration on soil physical properties in the wind–water erosion region of the Northern Loess Plateau of China. Clean Soil Air Water 40:7–15.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Lloyd J.W.,
   2. van den Berg E.,
   3. van Wyk E,
   4. Palmer A.R

   . . 2002. Patterns of degradation and transformation in the Thicket Biome. Unpublished Report, Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
7. ↵
   1. Lull H.W.,
   2. Reinhart K.G

   . . 1955. Soil moisture measurement. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Occasional Paper 140:56.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Mills A.J.,
   2. Cowling R.M

   . 2006. Rate of carbon sequestration at two thicket restoration sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Restoration Ecology 14:38–49.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Mills A.J.,
   2. Turpie J.K.,
   3. Cowling R.M.,
   4. Marais C,
   5. Kerley G.I.H.,
   6. Lechmere-Oertel R.G.,
   7. et al

   . 2007. Assessing costs, benefits, and feasibility of restoring natural capital in subtropical thicket in South Africa. Pages 179–187 in Aronson J., Milton J.N., Blignaut J.N. Restoring Natural Capital: Science, Business and Practice. Washington, DC: Island Press.
10. ↵
    1. Mills A.J.,
    2. Cowling R.M

    . 2010. Below-ground carbon stocks in intact and transformed subtropical thicket landscapes in semi-arid South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 74:93–100.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Mills A.J.,
    2. Fey M.V

    . 2004. Transformation of thicket to savanna reduces soil quality in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Plant and Soil 265:153–163.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. ↵
    1. Mucina L.,
    2. Rutherford M.C

    . . 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. Pretoria, South Africa: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
13. ↵
    1. Rens H.,
    2. Yang L.,
    3. Liu N

    . 2008. Nurse plant theory and its application in ecological restoration in lower subtropics of China. Progress in Natural Science 18:137–142.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Sigwela A.M.,
    2. Kerley G.I.H.,
    3. Mills A.J.,
    4. Cowling R.M.

    2009. The impact of browsing-induced degradation on the reproduction of subtropical thicket canopy shrubs and trees’, South African Journal of Botany 75:262–267.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. van der Vyver M.L.,
    2. Cowling R.M.,
    3. Mills A.J.,
    4. Difford M

    2013. Spontaneous return of biodiversity in restored subtropical Thicket: Portulacaria afra as an ecosystem engineer. Restoration Ecology 21:736–744.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. van Luijk G.,
    2. Cowling R.M.,
    3. Riksen M.J.P.M.,
    4. Glenday J

    . 2013. Hydrological implications of desertification: Degradation of South African semi-arid subtropical thicket. Journal of Arid Environments 91:14–21.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Vlok J.H.J.,
    2. Euston-Brown D.I.W.,
    3. Cowling R.M

    . 2003. Acocks’ valley bushveld 50 years on: New perspectives on the delimitation, characterisation and origin of thicket vegetation. South African Journal of Botany 69:27–51.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science