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Soil Seed Banks in Stock-piled Topsoils in the Western Rio Grande Plains, Texas

Mylea C. Lovell, Sandra Rideout-Hanzak, David E. Ruppert, Veronica Acosta-Martinez, Forrest S. Smith, Paula Maywald Stumberg, Keith A. Pawelek, Anthony D. Falk and David B. Wester
Ecological Restoration, September 2018, 36 (3) 226-237; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/er.36.3.226

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Figures

  • Table 3.
    Table 3.

    Mean (SE) seed bank species richness and seed bank size (m-2) in the stock-pile and in undisturbed soils at the Hixon study area at four sampling depths and five sampling dates. 1Date: F4,50 = 24.42, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 0.11, p = 0.7331. Interaction: F4,50 = 0.24, p = 0.9126. 2Date: F4,50 = 25.26, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 3.42, p = 0.0706. Interaction: F4,50 = 3.15, p = 0.0201. 3Date: F4,50 = 22.08, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 0.58, p = 0.4514. Interaction: F4,50 = 7.71, p = 0.1607. 4Date: F4,50 = 21.38, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 3.79, p = 0.0575. Interaction: F4,50 = 2.82, p = 0.0357. 5Date: F4,50 = 29.14, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 1.38 p = 0.2422. Interaction: F4,50 = 1.08, p = 0.3058. 6Date: F4,50 = 26.92, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 13.29, p = 0.0010. Interaction: F4,50 = 7.32, p = 0.0002. 7Date: F4,50 = 17.29, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 7.41, p = 0.0098. Interaction: F4,50 = 5.51, p = 0.0009. 8Date: F4,50 = 19.65, p = 0.0001. Location: F1,50 = 20.34, p = 0.0020. Interaction: F4,50 = 13.76, p = 0.0001. 9Sampling date means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD). 10Sampling date means within a location followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD). 11Location means within a sampling date followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD).

  • Table 4.
    Table 4.

    Mean (SE) seed bank species richness and seed bank size (m-2) in the stock-pile at the San Ysidro study area at four sampling depths and five sampling dates. 1Date: F4,75 = 1.95, p = 0.1290. Depth: F3,75 = 11.69, p = 0.0001. Interaction: F12,75 = 1.96, p = 0.0409. 2Date: F4,75 = 2.45, p = 0.0781; Depth: F3,75 = 19.65, p = 0.0001. Interaction: F12,75 = 2.58, p = 0.0061. 3Sampling date means at a depth followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test). 4Sampling depth means within a sampling date followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test).

  • Figure 1.
    Figure 1.

    Total precipitation in 2013 (A) and 2014 (B) and mean total number of seedlings (m–2) at four depths in the stock-pile and in undisturbed soil on five sampling dates (plots on top) at the Hixon study site, Texas, USA. Black dots at the specified dates represent cumulative precipitation three weeks prior to sample collection. Precipitation data for Cotulla Airport, Texas, USA (NOAA 2015).

  • Figure 2.
    Figure 2.

    Total precipitation in 2013 (A) and 2014 (B) and mean total number of seedlings (m−2) at four depths in the stock-pile and in undisturbed soil on five sampling dates (plots on top) at the San Ysidro study site, Texas, USA. Black dots at the specified dates represent cumulative precipitation three weeks prior to sample collection. Precipitation data for Carrizo Springs Weather Station, Texas, USA (NOAA 2015).

Tables

  • Table 1.

    Mean (SE) seed bank species richness and seed bank size (m–2) in the stock-pile at the Hixon study area at four sampling depths and five sampling dates. 1Date: F4,25 = 36.63, p = 0.0001. Depth: F3,75 = 3.47, p = 0.0196. Interaction: F12,75 =1.71, p = 0.0842. 2Sampling date means within a depth followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test). 3Sampling depth means at a sampling date followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test). 4Date: F4,25 = 16.98, p = 0.0001. Depth: F3,75 = 3.30, p = 0.0232. Interaction: F12,75 = 1.68, p = 0.089.

    Depath (cm)Sampling DateMean
    June 2013August 2013April 2014May 2014July 2014
    Richness10–100.64bc2A3 (0.31)3.18aA (0.0.66)0.51bcA (0.16)1.02bA (0.0.25)0.38cA (0.17)1.14 (0.24)
    10–200.38bA (0.17)2.29aBC (0.44)0.64bA (0.23)0.64bAB (0.23)0.64bA (0.23)0.91 (0.17)
    20–300.51bA (0.25)2.67aAB (0.0.43)0.38bA (0.17)0.25bB (0.16)0.38bA (0.17)0.84 (0.20)
    30–400.76abA (0.0.20)1.27aC (0.32)0.25bcA (0.25)0.25bcB (0.16)0.25bcA 0.16)0.56 (0.12)
    Mean0.57 (0.11)2.35 (0.27)0.44 (0.10)0.54 (0.12)0. 41 (0.09)
    Size40–100.89bcA2,3 (0.41)6.48aA (1.95)0.76cA (0.28)1.65bA (0.36)0.51cA (0.25)2.06 (0.57)
    10–200.51bA (0.25)6.35aA (2.42)0.76bA (0.28)0.89bAB (0.36)0.89bA (0.36)1.88 (0.62)
    20–300.51bA (0.25)4.19aA (1.02)0.38bA (0.17)0.38bB (0.26)0.38bA (0.17)1.17 (0.35)
    30–401.14abA (0.55)1.65aA (0.46)0.38bA (0.38)0.25bB (0.16)0.25bA (0.16)0.74 (0.19)
    Mean0.76 (0.19)4.67 (0.87)0.57 (0.14)0.79 (0.18)0.51 (0.13)
  • Table 2.

    Mean (SE) total number of native1 and exotic2 seedlings (m-2) in the stock-pile at the Hixon study site over four sampling depths and five sampling dates, and in undisturbed soil at five sampling dates. 1Date: F4,25 = 18.90, p = 0.0001. Depth: F3,75 = 2.44, p = 0.0694. Interaction: F12,75 = 1.27, p = 0.2596. 2Date: F4,75 = 5.78, p = 0.0018. Depth: F3,75 = 2.61, p = 0.0581. Interaction: F12,75 = 1.66, p = 0.0629. 3Sampling date means for native species followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test). 4Sampling depth means for native species followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test). 5Sampling date means at a depth for exotic species followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test). 6Sampling depth means at a sampling date for exotic species followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test). 7Undisturbed date means for an origin of species followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD test).

    Depth (cm)Species originSampling DateMean
    June 2013August 2013April 2014May 2014July 2014
    0–10Native0.98 (0.41)4.57 (1.43)0.25 (0.16)0.51 (0.25)0.51 (0.25)1.77a4 (0.55)
    Exotic0.00c5A6 (0.00)1.91aA (0.67)0.51bcA (0.32)1.14abA (0.38)0.00cA (0.00)0.71 (0.21)
    10–20Native0.38 (0.26)4.57 (1.79)0.00 (0.00)0.13 (0.13)0.76 (0.39)1.53a (0.62)
    Exotic0.13bA (0.13)1.79aA (0.78)0.76aA (0.28)0.76aAB (0.28)0.13bA (0.13)0.71 (0.20)
    20–30Native0.38 (0.17)3.05 (0.98)0.13 (0.13)0.00 (0.00)0.13 (0.13)0.97ab (0.38)
    Exotic0.13bA (0.13)1.14aA (0.26)0.25bA (0.16)0.38bB (0.26)0.25bA (0.16)0.43 (0.11)
    30–40Native0.64 (0.23)1.40 (0.0.36)0.00 (0.00)0.13 (0.13)0.13 (0.13)0.60b (0.17)
    Exotic0.51aA (0.38)0.25aA (0.16)0.38aA (0.38)0.13aB (0.13)0.13aA (0.13)0.28 (0.11)
    Native Mean0.75b3 (0.18)4.46a (0.85)0.13c (0.07)0.25c (0.11)0.50bcA (0.17)
    Exotic Mean0.19(0.11)1.27 (0.29)0.48 (0.14)0.60 (0.15)0.13 (0.06)
    UndisturbedNative0.25b7 (0.0.25)10.92a (1.36)0.00b (0.00)0.38b (0.26)0.13b (0.13)2.34 (0.84)
    Exotic0.13a (0.13)1.50a (1.38)0.25a (0.16)2.54a (0.92)0.51a (0.25)0.99 (0.36)
  • Table 5.

    Mean (SE) seed bank species richness and seed bank size (m-2) in the stock-pile and in undisturbed soils at the San Ysidro study area at four sampling depths and five sampling dates. 1Date: F4,50 = 1.61, p = 0.1864. Location: F1,50 = 2.24, p = 0.1372. Interaction: F4,50 = 2.24, p = 0.0672. 2Date: F4,50 = 1.51, p = 0.2154. Location: F1,50 = 0, p = 1.000. Interaction: F4,50 = 1.47, p = 0.2251. 3Date: F4,50 = 0.31, p = 0.8741. Location: F1,50 = 18.15, p = 0.0043. Interaction: F4,50 = 2.69, p = 0.0380. 4Date: F4,50 = 0.39, p = 0.8209. Location: F1,50 = 5.00, p = 0.0318. Interaction: F4,50 = 1.37, p = 0.2575. 5Date F4,50 = 1.41, p = 0.2448. Location: F1,50 = 18.83, p = 0.0001. Interaction: F4,50 = 1.57, p = 0.2025. 6Date: F4,50 = 0.58, p = 0.6776. Location: F1,50 = 14.78, p = 0.0007. Interaction: F4,50 = 0.55, p = 0.7037. 7Date: F4,50 = 1.25, p = 0.2971. Location: F1,50 = 25.30, p = 0.0001. Interaction: F4,50 = 1.75, p = 0.1569. 8Date: F4,50 = 0.49, p = 0.7479. Location: F1,50 = 17.55, p = 0.0001. Interaction: F4,50 = 0.58, p = 0.6801. 9Sampling date means within a location followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD). 10Location means within a sampling date followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD). 11Location means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD). 12 Sampling date means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.10, protected LSD).

    Sampling Depth in Pile (cm)ResponseLocationSampling Date
    June 2013August 2013April 2014May 2014July 2014Mean
    0-10Richness1Pile0.00bB90.00) 10׳)1.02aA (0.32)1.14aA (0.17)1.40aA (0.31)1.52aA (0.62)1.02 (0.18)
    Undisturbed1.65aA (0.46)2.16aA (1.95)0.38aB (0.26)1.79aA (0.43)1.27aA (0.32)1.45 (0.25)
    Mean0.83 (0.33)1.59 (0.51)0.76 (0.19)1.59 (0.26)1.40 (0.34)
    Size2Pile0.00 (0.00)1.91 (0.64)3.68 (1.24)2.92 (0.80)4.18 (1.33)2.54a11 0.48)
    Undisturbed1.79 (0.51)3.81 (1.99)1.65 (1.37)3.05 (0.86)2.41 (0.89)2.54a (0.53)
    Mean1.17a12 (0.47)3.75a (1.36)3.50a (1.22)3.92a (0.73)4.33a (1.06)
    10-20Richness3Pile0.38a9B10 (0.26)0.25aB (0.16)1.27aA (0.58)0.64aB (0.31)0.51aB (0.16)0.61 (0.15)
    Undisturbed1.65aA (0.46)2.16aA (0.950.38aA (0.26)1.78aA (0.43)1.27aA (0.32)1.45 (0.25)
    Mean1.01 (0.32)1.21 (0.54)0.83 (0.33)1.21 (0.21)0.89 (0.21)
    Size4Pile0.38 (0.26)0.25 (0.16)2.79 (1.51)1.02 (0.54)1.02 (0.47)1.09b11 (0.36)
    Undisturbed1.78 (0.51)3.81 (1.99)1.65 (1.37)3.05 (0.86)2.41 (0.89)2.54a (0.51)
    Mean1.08a12 (0.24)2.03a (1.29)2.22a (0.99)2.03a (0.57)1.71a (0.52)
    20-30Richness5Pile0.13 (0.13)0.51 (0.25)0.51 (0.25)0.38 (0.17)0.13 (0.13)0.33b11 (0.09)
    Undisturbed1.65 (0.46)2.16 (0.95)0.38 (0.26)1.79 (0.43)1.27 (0.32)1.45a (0.25)
    Mean0.89a12 (0.32)1.33a (53)0.44a (0.17)1.08a (0.30)0.70a (0.24)
    Size6Pile0.13 (0.13)0.51 (0.25)0.76 (0.39)0.38 (0.17)0.13 (0.13)0.38b11(0.11)
    Undisturbed1.79 (0.51)3.81 (1.99)1.65 (1.37)3.05 (0.86)2.41 (0.89)2.54a (0.53)
    Mean0.95a12 (0.35)2.16a (1.08)1.21a 0.69)1.71a (0.58)1.27a (0.54)
    30-40Richness7Pile0.13 (0.13)0.25 (0.17)0.38 (0.26)0.13 (0.13)0.00 (0.00)0.18b11(0.07)
    Undisturbed1.65 (0.46)2.16 (0.95)0.38 (0.26)1.79 (0.43)1.27 (0.32)1.45a (0.25)
    Mean0.89a12 (0.32)1.21a (0.54)0.38a (0.18)0.95a (0.32)0.64 (0.25)
    Size8Pile0.25 (0.25)0.25 (0.16)0.38 (0.26)0.13 (0.13)0.00 (0.00)0.20b11 (0.08)
    Undisturbed1.79 (0.51)3.81 (1.99)1.65 (1.37)3.05 (0.86)2.41 (0.89)2.54a (0.53)
    Mean1.02a12 (0.36)2.03a (1.09)1.02a (0.69)1.59a (0.60)1.21a (0.56)
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Soil Seed Banks in Stock-piled Topsoils in the Western Rio Grande Plains, Texas
Mylea C. Lovell, Sandra Rideout-Hanzak, David E. Ruppert, Veronica Acosta-Martinez, Forrest S. Smith, Paula Maywald Stumberg, Keith A. Pawelek, Anthony D. Falk, David B. Wester
Ecological Restoration Sep 2018, 36 (3) 226-237; DOI: 10.3368/er.36.3.226
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