Revegetation of a Trampled Cliff-Edge Using Three-Toothed Cinquefoil and Poverty Grass: A Case Study at Tettegouche State Park, Minnesota

References

1. 1. Broschat T.K.,
   2. Moore K.K.

   2007. Release rates of ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, and manganese from seven controlled release fertilizers. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 38:843–850.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
2. 1. Brown P.

   2003. Desert secrets. Natural History 112:8.

   OpenUrl
3. 1. Bell K.L.,
   2. Bliss L.C.

   1973. Alpine disturbance studies: Olympic National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 5: 25–32.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
4. 1. Callaway R.M.,
   2. Mahall B.E.,
   3. Wicks C.,
   4. Pankey J.,
   5. Zabinski C.

   2003. Soil fungi and the effects of an invasive forb on grasses: Neighbor identity matters. Ecology 84:129–135.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
5. 1. Camp R.J.,
   2. Knight R.L.

   1998. Effects of rock climbing on cliff plant communities at Joshua Tree National Park, California. Conservation Biology 12: 1302–1306.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
6. 1. Cargill S.M.,
   2. Chapin F.S. III.

   . 1987. Application of successional theory to tundra restoration: A review. Arctic and Alpine Research 19:366–372.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
7. 1. Claassen V.P.,
   2. Hogan M.P.

   2002. Soil nitrogen pools associated with revegetation in the Lake Tahoe area. Restoration Ecology 10:195–203.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. 1. Cole D.N.

   1995. Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:215–224.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
9. 1. Cole D.N.,
   2. Spildie D.R.

   2000. Soil amendments and planting techniques: Campsite restoration in the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon. Pages 181–187 in USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS P-15-VOL-5.
10. 1. Cole D.N.,
    2. Spildie D.R.

    2006. Restoration of plant cover in subalpine forests disturbed by camping: Success of transplanting. Natural Areas Journal 26:168–178.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
11. 1. Cornell S.,
    2. Rendell A.,
    3. Jickells T.

    1995. Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans. Nature 376:243–246.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
12. 1. Darbyshire S.J.

    2003. Danthonia. Pages 301–306 in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds), Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, Part 2. Vol. 25 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press

    OpenUrl
13. 1. Darbyshire S.J.,
    2. Cayquette J.

    1989. The biology of Canadian weeds. 92. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. in Roem. & Sultz. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69:1217–1233.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. 1. Densmore R.V.,
    2. Holmes K.W.

    1987. Assisted revegetation in Denali National Park, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 19:544–548.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
15. 1. Farris M.A.

    1998. The effects of rock climbing on the vegetation of three Minnesota cliff systems. Canadian Journal of Botany 76:1981–1990.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. 1. Fenn M.E.,
    2. Haeuber R.,
    3. Tonnesen G.S.,
    4. Baron J.S.,
    5. Grossman-Clarke S.,
    6. et al

    . 2003. Nitrogen emissions, deposition, and monitoring in the western United States. Bioscience 53:391–403.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
17. 1. Fernald M.L.

    1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th ed. New York: American Book Company.
18. 1. Forbes B.C.,
    2. Jefferies R. L.

    1999. Revegetation of disturbed arctic sites: Constraints and applications. Biological Conservation 88:15–24.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. 1. Fridley J.D.,
    2. Grime J.P.,
    3. Bilton M.

    2007. Genetic identity of interspecific neighbors mediates plant responses to competition and environmental variation in a species-rich grassland. Journal of Ecology 95:908–915.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. 1. Gleason H.A.,
    2. Cronquist A.

    1991. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden.
21. 1. Hitchcock A.S.

    1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States, 2nd ed. Rev. A. Chase. USDA Miscellaneous Publication 200.
22. 1. Johnson S.,
    2. Ryan M.

    2000. Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a range of alpine humus soil conditions in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Arctic and Alpine Research 32: 225–261.

    OpenUrl
23. 1. Keller M.,
    2. Kollmann J.

    1999. Effects of seed provenance on germination of herbs for agricultural compensation sites. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 72:87–99.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
24. 1. Keller M.,
    2. Kollman J.,
    3. Edwards P.J.

    2000. Genetic introgression from distant provenances reduces fitness in local weed populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 37:647–659.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
25. 1. Kelley W.R.

    1953. Study of seed identification and seed germination of Potentilla spp. and Veronica spp. Memoir—Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 317:3–29.

    OpenUrl
26. 1. Kelly P.E.,
    2. Larson D.W.

    1996. Effects of rock climbing on populations of presettlement eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, Canada. Conservation Biology 11:1125–1132.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
27. 1. Klokk T.,
    2. Rønning R.

    1987. Revegetation experiments at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Arctic and Alpine Research 19:549–553.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
28. 1. Krebs C.J.

    2001. Ecology, 5th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
29. 1. Kuss F.R.

    1986. A review of major factors influencing plant responses to recreation impacts. Environmental Management 10:637–650.

    OpenUrl
30. 1. Larson D.W.,
    2. Matthes U.,
    3. Gerrath J.A.,
    4. Larson N.W.K.,
    5. Gerrath J.M.,
    6. et al

    . 2000a. Evidence for the widespread occurrence of ancient forests on cliffs. Journal of Biogeography 27:319–331.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. 1. Larson D.W.,
    2. Matthes U.,
    3. Kelly P.E.

    2000b. Cliff Ecology: Pattern and Process in Cliff Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. 1. Lesica P.,
    2. Allendorf F.W.

    1999. Ecological genetics and the restoration of plant communities: Mix or match? Restoration Ecology 7:42–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
33. 1. Liddle M.J.

    1975. A theoretical relationship between the primary production of vegetation and its ability to tolerate trampling. Biological Conservation 8:251–255.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
34. 1. Marchand P.J.,
    2. Roach D.A.

    1980. Reproductive strategies of pioneering alpine species: Seed production, dispersal, and germination. Arctic and Alpine Research 12:137–146.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
35. 1. Matheson J.D.,
    2. Larson D.W.

    2008. Influence of cliffs on bird community diversity. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:278–287.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. Matthes U.,
    2. Gerrath J.A.,
    3. Larson D.W.

    2003. Experimental restoration of disturbed cliff-edge forests in Bruce Peninsula National Park, Ontario, Canada. Restoration Ecology 11:174–184.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
37. 1. McMillan M.A.,
    2. Larson D.W.

    2002. Effects of rock climbing on the vegetation of the Niagara Escarpment in southern Ontario, Canada. Conservation Biology 16:389–398.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
38. 1. McMillan M.A.,
    2. Nekola J.C.,
    3. Larson D.W.

    2003. Effects of rock climbing on the land snail community of the Niagara Escarpment in southern Ontario, Canada. Conservation Biology 17:616–621.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
39. 1. Montalvo A.M.,
    2. Ellstrand N.C.

    2001. Nonlocal transplantation and outbreeding depression in the subshrub Lotus scoparius (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany 88:258–269.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
40. 1. Müller S.W.,
    2. Rusterholz H.-P.,
    3. Baur B.

    2004. Rock climbing alters the vegetation of limestone cliffs in the northern Swiss Jura mountains. Canadian Journal of Botany 82:862–870.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
41. 1. Nuzzo V.A.

    1995. Structure of cliff vegetation on exposed cliffs and the effect of rock climbing. Canadian Journal of Botany 74:607–617.

    OpenUrl
42. 1. Olfelt D.P.,
    2. Gilbertson K.,
    3. Olfelt J.P.

    2003. Visitor management and revegetation efforts on a degraded Lake Superior cliff-edge. Poster presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology, Duluth MN, June 28–July 2. Abstract No. P133. www.conbio.org/Activities/Meetings/2003/website/book.pdf
43. 1. Parikesit P.,
    2. Larson D.W.,
    3. Matthes-Sears U.

    1995. Impacts of trails of cliffedge forest structure. Canadian Journal of Botany 73:943–953.

    OpenUrl
44. 1. Pounder E.J.

    1985. The effects of footpath development on vegetation at the Okstindan research area in arctic Norway. Biological Conservation 34: 273–288.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
45. 1. Ratliff R.D.,
    2. Westfall S.E.

    1992. Restoring plant cover on high-elevation gravel areas Sequoia National Park California. Biological Conservation 60:189–195.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
46. 1. Salopeck P.

    2000. Pilgrimage through the Sierra Madre. National Geographic 197 (6):56–81.

    OpenUrl
47. 1. Schrader J.A.,
    2. Graves W.R.

    2000. Seed germination and seedling growth of Alnus maritima from its three disjunct populations. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125: 128–134.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
48. 1. Serra-Vega J.

    1993. The painted caves of Mogao. UNESCO Courier 46(12): 46–47.

    OpenUrl
49. 1. Siderilis C.,
    2. Attarian A.

    2004. Trip response modeling of rock climbers’ reactions to proposed regulations. Journal of Leisure Research 36:73–88.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
50. 1. Tilman D.,
    2. Reich P.B.,
    3. Knops J.M. H.

    2006. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441:629–632.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
51. 1. Toole V.K.

    1939. Germination of the seed of poverty grass, Danthonia spicata Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 31:954–965.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
52. 1. Van der Heijden M.G.A.,
    2. Kilronomas J.N.,
    3. Ursic M.,
    4. Moutoglis P.,
    5. Streitwolf-Engel R.,
    6. et al

    . 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
53. 1. Walters T.W.,
    2. Wyatt R.

    1982. The vascular flora of granite outcrops in the Central Mineral Region of Texas. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 109:344–364.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
54. 1. Wedin D.,
    2. Tilman D.

    1996. Influence of nitrogen loading and species composition on the carbon balance of grasslands. Science 274:1720–1723.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
55. 1. Yang J.,
    2. Lovett-Doust J.,
    3. Lovett-Doust L.

    1999. Seed germination patterns in green dragon (Arisaema dracontium, Araceae). American Journal of Botany 86:1160–1167.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
56. 1. Zabinski C,
    2. Cole D.

    2000. Understanding the factors that limit restoration success on a recreation-impacted subalpine site. Pages 216–221 in USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P- 15-VOL-5-2000.
57. 1. Zabinski C.A.,
    2. DeLuca T.H.,
    3. Cole D.N.,
    4. Moynahan O.S.

    2002. Restoration of highly impacted subalpine campsites in the eagle cap wilderness, Oregon. Restoration Ecology 10:275–281.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science