Multi-species Planting and Other Practices to Restore Forest Diversity in Northeastern Minnesota

References

1. 1. Alban D.H.

   . 1985. Seasonal changes in nutrient concentration and content of aspen suckers in Minnesota. Forest Science 31:785–794.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
2. 1. Alm A.A.,
   2. Long S.E.,
   3. Eggen D.L.

   . 1988. Integration of forest site preparation with the brake scarifier. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5:12–13.

   OpenUrl
3. 1. Bates P.C.,
   2. Blinn C.R.,
   3. Alm A.A.,
   4. Perala D.A.

   . 1989. Aspen stand development following harvest in the Lake States Region. Northern Journal of Forestry 6:178–182.

   OpenUrl
4. 1. Beilfuss S.M.

   . 2001. Menominee tribal enterprises forest management efforts. Pages 125–127 in Dumroese R.K., Riley L.E., Landis T.D. (tech coords), National proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations, 1999, 2000, and 2001. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMR5-P-24.
5. 1. Benzie J.W.

   . 1977a. Manager’s handbook for jack pine in the North Central States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-32.
6. 1. Benzie J.W.

   . 1977b. Manager’s handbook for red pine in the North Central States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-33.
7. 1. Carmean W.H.

   . 1975. Forest site quality evaluation in the United States. Advances in Agronomy 27:209–269.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
8. 1. Cornett M.W.,
   2. Puettmann K.J.,
   3. Reich P.B.

   . 1998. Canopy type, forest floor, predation, and competition influence conifer seedling emergence and early survival in two Minnesota coniferdeciduousforests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:196–205.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. 1. Cortner H.J.,
   2. Schweitzer D.L.

   . 1993. Below-cost timber sales and the political marketplace. Environmental Management 17:7–14.

   OpenUrl
10. 1. Crow T.R.

    . 1988. Reproductive mode and mechanisms for self-replacement of northern red oak (Quercus rubra)—A review. Forest Science 34:19–40.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
11. 1. David A.J.,
    2. Zasada J.C.,
    3. Gilmore D.W.,
    4. Landhauser S.M.

    . 2001. Current trends in the management of aspen and mixed aspen forests for sustainable production. The Forestry Chronicle 77:525–532.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. 1. Dovèiak M.,
    2. Reich P.B.,
    3. Frelich L.E.

    . 2003. Seed rain, safe sites, competing vegetation, and soil resources spatially structure white pine regeneration and recruitment. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:1892–1904.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. 1. DuPlissis J.,
    2. Yin X.,
    3. Baughman M.J.

    . 2000. Effects of site preparation, seedling quality and tree shelters on planted northern red oaks. University of Minnesota College of Natural Resources and Minnesota Agricultural Experimentation Staff Paper Series No. 141.
14. 1. Erdle T.,
    2. Pollard J.

    . 2002. Are plantations changing the tree species composition of New Brunswick’s forest? The Forest Chronicle 78:812–821.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
15. 1. Franklin J.

    . 1989. Towards a new forestry. American Forests 95(11/12):37–44.

    OpenUrl
16. 1. Frelich L.E.,
    2. Puettmann K.

    . 1999. Restoration ecology. Pages 498–524 in Hunter M.L Jr.. (ed), Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. 1. Frelich L.E.,
    2. Reich P.B.

    . 1995. Neighborhood effects, disturbance, and succession in forests of the western Great Lakes Region. EcoScience 2:148–158.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
18. 1. Frelich L.E.,
    2. Reich P.B.

    . 1998. Disturbance severity and threshold responses in the boreal forest. Conservation Ecology 2:7.

    OpenUrl
19. 1. Frelich L.E,
    2. Sugita S.S.,
    3. Reich P.B.,
    4. Davis M.B.,
    5. Friedman S.K.

    . 1998. Neighborhood effects in forests: Implications for within stand patch structure and management. Journal of Ecology 86:149–161.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. 1. French D.W.

    . 1992. White pine blister rust can be controlled. Pages 123–125 in Stine R.A., Baughman M.J. (eds), White Pine Symposium Proceedings, History, Ecology, Policy and Management, September 16–18, 1992. Duluth: University of Minnesota.
21. 1. Friedman S.K.,
    2. Reich P.B.,
    3. Frelich L.E.

    . 2001. Multiple scale composition and spatial patterns of the northeastern Minnesota presettlement forest. Journal of Ecology 89:538–554.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. 1. Gerlach J.,
    2. Reich P.B.,
    3. Puettmann K.,
    4. Baker T.

    . 1997. Species, diversity, and density affect tree seedling mortality from Armillaria root rot. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:1509–1512.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
23. 1. Godman R.M.,
    2. Mattson G.A.

    . 1976. Seed crops and regeneration problems of 19 species in northeastern Wisconsin. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-123.
24. 1. Green J.C.

    . 1995. Birds and Forests: A Management and Conservation Guide. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
25. 1. Greene D.F.,
    2. Kneeshaw D.D.,
    3. Messier C.,
    4. Lieffers V.,
    5. Cormier D.,
    6. Doucet R.,
    7. Coates K.D.,
    8. Groot A.,
    9. Grover G.,
    10. Calogeropoulos C.

    . 2002. Modeling silvicultural alternatives for conifer regeneration in boreal mixedwood stands (aspen/white spruce/balsam fir). The Forestry Chronicle 78:281–295.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
26. 1. Hansen A.J.,
    2. Spies T.A.,
    3. Swanson F.J.,
    4. Ohmann J.L.

    . 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests: Lessons from natural forests. BioScience 41:382–392.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
27. 1. Hummer K.E.

    . 2000. History of the origin and dispersal of white pine blister rust. HortTechnology 10:515–517.

    OpenUrl
28. 1. Jensen M.E.

    . 1994. Implementing ecosystem management within the Forest Service. Page 51 in Costanza R., Rapport D.J. (eds), Abstracts of the 1st International Symposium on Ecosystem Health and Medicine: Integrating Science, Policy, and Management. Ottawa: University of Guelph.
29. 1. Johnston W.F.

    . 1977. Manager’s handbook for black spruce in the North Central States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-34.
30. 1. Katovich S.A.

    . 1992. White pine blister rust can be controlled. Pages 126–137 in Stine R.A., Baughman M.J. (eds), White Pine Symposium Proceedings, History, Ecology, Policy and Management, September 16–18, 1992. Duluth: University of Minnesota.
31. 1. Lantagne D.O.

    . 1989. Response of three red pine seedling types to four levels of weed control after four growing seasons. Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society 44:64–67.

    OpenUrl
32. 1. Minnesota Forest Resources Council

    . 1999. Sustaining Minnesota forest resources: Voluntary site-level forest management guidelines for landowners, loggers, and resource managers. St. Paul: Minnesota Forest Resources Council.
33. 1. Mladenoff D.J.,
    2. Pastor J.

    . 1993. Sustainable forest ecosystems in the northern hardwood and conifer forest region: Concepts and management. Pages 145–180 in Aplet G.H., Johnson N., Olson J.T., Sample V.A. (eds), Defining Sustainable Forestry. Washington DC: Island Press.
34. 1. Morse B.W.,
    2. Kulman H.M.

    . 1984. Effect of white spruce release on subsequent defoliation by the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Great Lakes Entomologist 17:235–237.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
35. 1. O’Hara K.L.

    . 1998. Silviculture for structural diversity, a new look at multiaged systems. Journal of Forestry 96(7):4–10.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. Ohmann L.F.

    . 1982. Tall shrub layer biomass in conifer plantations of northeastern Minnesota. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-219.
37. 1. Ohmann L.F.

    . 1983. Biomass in conifer plantations of northeastern Minnesota. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-247.
38. 1. Overbay J.C.

    . 1992. Ecosystem management. Pages 3–15 in Taking an ecological approach to management: Proceedings of a national workshop. USDA Forest Service WO-WSA-3.
39. 1. Palik B.,
    2. Zasada J.

    . 2003. An ecological context for regenerating multi-cohort, mixed species red pine forests. USDA Forest Service Research Note NC-382.
40. 1. Perala D.A.

    . 1982. Early release—current technology and conifer response. Pages 396–405 in Mroz G.D., Berner J.F. (comps), Proceedings, Artificial Regeneration of Conifer in the Upper Great Lakes Region. Houghton: Michigan Technical University.
41. 1. Perala D.A.

    . 1991. Reviewing decadent aspen stands. Pages 77–82 in Navratil S., Chapman P.B. (eds), Aspen management for the 21st century. Edmonton: Forestry Canada.
42. 1. Posner S.D.,
    2. Jordan P.A.

    . 2002. Competitive effects on plantation white spruce saplings from shrubs that are important browse for moose. Forest Science 48:283–289.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
43. 1. Prettyman D.H.

    . 1987. Field guide: Evaluating land conditions for site preparation. University of Minnesota Extension Service.
44. 1. Puettmann K.J.,
    2. Ek A.R.

    . 1999. Status and trends of silvicultural practices in Minnesota. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 16:203–210.

    OpenUrl
45. 1. Puettmann K.J.,
    2. Reich P.B.

    . 1995. The differential sensitivity of red pine and quaking aspen to competition. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25:1731–1737.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
46. 1. Rajala J.

    . 1998. Bringing Back the White Pine. Duluth MN: Pro Print
47. 1. Reich P.B.,
    2. Bakken P.,
    3. Carlson D.,
    4. Frelich L.E.,
    5. Friedman S.K.,
    6. Grigal D.

    . 2001. Influence of logging, fire and productivity in southern boreal forests. Ecology 82:2731–2748.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
48. 1. Scheiner S.M.,
    2. Sharik T.L.,
    3. Roberts M.R.,
    4. Kopple R.,
    5. Vande R.

    . 1988. Tree density and modes of tree recruitment in a Michigan pine-hardwood forest after clear-cutting and burning. Canadian Field-Naturalist 102:634–638.

    OpenUrl
49. 1. Scheller R.M.,
    2. Mladenoff D.J.,
    3. Crow T.R.,
    4. Sickley T.A.

    . 2005. Simulating the effects of fire reintroduction versus continued fire absence on forest composition and landscape structure in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota, USA. Ecosystems 8:396–411.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. 1. Schulte L.A.,
    2. Mladenoff D.J.,
    3. Crow T.R.,
    4. Merrick L.C.,
    5. Cleland D.T.

    . 2007. Homogenization of northern U.S. Great Lakes forests due to land use. Landscape Ecology 22:1089–1103.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
51. 1. Stine R.A.,
    2. Baughman M.J.

    . 1992. Pine Symposium Proceedings, History, Ecology, Policy and Management, September 16–18, 1992. Duluth: University of Minnesota
52. 1. Vora R.S.

    . 1994. Integrating old-growth forest into managed landscapes: A northern Great Lakes perspectives. Natural Areas Journal 14:113–123.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
53. 1. USDA Forest Service

    . 1993. Healthy forests for America’s future: A strategic plan. USDA Forest Service MP-1513.
54. 1. Wagner R.G.

    . 2000. Competition and critical-period thresholds for vegetation management decisions in young conifer stands. The Forestry Chronicle 76:961–968.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
55. 1. Walters M.B.,
    2. Reich P.B.

    . 2000. Seed size, nitrogen supply, and growth rate affect tree seedling survival in deep shade. Ecology 81:1887–1901.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
56. 1. Webster C.R.,
    2. Lorimer C.G.

    . 2005. Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitment of midtolerant tree species: A retrospective approach. Ecological Applications 15:1245–1262.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
57. 1. Weyenberg S.A,
    2. Frelich L.E.,
    3. Reich P.B.

    . 2004. Logging versus fire: How does disturbance type influence the abundance of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) regeneration? Silva Fennica 38:179–194.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
58. 1. Wilson L.F.

    . 1977. Some reforestation practices that increase insect pest buildup. Pages 102–107 in Kulman H.M., Chiang H.C. (eds), University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 310.